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{{Documentation subpage}}
{{csdoc|lua}}
{{csdoc|cs1}}
{{csdoc|lead|online newsgroups}}


== Usage ==
{{csdoc|usage}}
{{csdoc|usage common}}
;To cite a newsgroup with a credited author
<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" copy="1">{{cite newsgroup |last= |first= |date= |title= |url= |newsgroup= |message-id= |access-date=}}</syntaxhighlight>
;To cite a newsgroup with no credited author
<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" copy="1">{{cite newsgroup |author=<!-- not stated --> |date= |title= |url= |newsgroup= |message-id= |access-date=}}</syntaxhighlight>
;To cite an online newsgroup that has been archived
<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" copy="1">{{cite newsgroup |last= |first= |date= |title= |url= |newsgroup= |message-id= |url-status= |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=}}</syntaxhighlight>
;To cite a newsgroup written in a foreign language
<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" copy="1">{{cite newsgroup |last= |first= |date= |title= |url= |trans-title= |language= |newsgroup= |message-id= |access-date=}}</syntaxhighlight>
;To cite and quote an archived, two-author, foreign language newsgroup re-published as a PDF on an information aggregation service requiring a subscription
<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" copy="1">{{cite newsgroup |last1= |first1= |last2= |first2= |date= |title= |url= |url-access= |trans-title= |format= |language= |newsgroup= |message-id= |url-status= |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date= |via= |quote=}}</syntaxhighlight>
{{end}}
{{csdoc|usage full}}
<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" copy="1">{{cite newsgroup |last1= |first1= |author-link1= |last2= |first2= |author-link2= |display-authors= |author-mask1= |author-mask2= |collaboration= |df= |date= |year= |orig-date= |orig-year= |location= |editor-last1= |editor-first1= |editor-link1= |editor-last2= |editor-first2= |editor-link2= |display-editors= |editor-mask1= |editor-mask2= |title= |script-title= |title-link= |url= |url-access= |trans-title= |format= |department= |work= |script-work= |trans-work= |type= |series= |language= |interviewer-last1= |interviewer-first1= |interviewer-link1= |interviewer-last2= |interviewer-first2= |interviewer-link2= |display-interviewers= |interviewer-mask1= |interviewer-mask2= |translator-last1= |translator-first1= |translator-link1= |translator-last2= |translator-first2= |translator-link2= |display-translators= |translator-mask1= |translator-mask2= |others= |name-list-style= |edition= |publication-place= |newsgroup= |publication-date= |minutes= |time-caption= |time= |arxiv= |asin= |asin-tld= |bibcode= |bibcode-access= |biorxiv= |citeseerx= |doi= |doi-access= |doi-broken-date= |eissn= |hdl= |hdl-access= |isbn= |ismn= |issn= |jfm= |jstor= |jstor-access= |lccn= |medrxiv= |mr= |oclc= |ol= |ol-access= |osti= |osti-access= |pmc= |pmc-embargo-date= |pmid= |rfc= |sbn= |ssrn= |s2cid= |s2cid-access= |message-id= |zbl= |id= |url-status= |archive-url= |archive-format= |archive-date= |access-date= |via= |quote= |script-quote= |trans-quote= |mode= |ref= |postscript=}}</syntaxhighlight>
{{end}}
{{csdoc|usage vertical common}}
<!-- Please synchronize this list with the corresponding one at the overview page [[Wikipedia:Citation templates#Examples]] -->
;To cite a newsgroup with a credited author
<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" copy="1">
{{cite newsgroup
|last        =
|first      =
|date        =
|title      =
|url        =
|newsgroup  =
|message-id  =
|access-date =
}}
</syntaxhighlight>
;To cite a newsgroup with no credited author
<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" copy="1">
{{cite newsgroup
|author      = <!-- not stated -->
|date        =
|title      =
|url        =
|newsgroup  =
|message-id  =
|access-date =
}}
</syntaxhighlight>
;To cite an online newsgroup that has been archived
<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" copy="1">
{{cite newsgroup
|last        =
|first        =
|date        =
|title        =
|url          =
|newsgroup    =
|message-id  =
|url-status  =
|archive-url  =
|archive-date =
|access-date  =
}}
</syntaxhighlight>
;To cite a newsgroup written in a foreign language
<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" copy="1">
{{cite newsgroup
|last        =
|first      =
|date        =
|title      =
|url        =
|trans-title =
|language    =
|newsgroup  =
|message-id  =
|access-date =
}}
</syntaxhighlight>
;To cite and quote an archived, two-author, foreign language newsgroup re-published as a PDF on an information aggregation service requiring a subscription
<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" copy="1">
{{cite newsgroup
|last1        =
|first1      =
|last2        =
|first2      =
|date        =
|title        =
|url          =
|url-access  =
|trans-title  =
|format      =
|work        =
|language    =
|newsgroup    =
|message-id  =
|url-status  =
|archive-url  =
|archive-date =
|access-date  =
|via          =
|quote        =
}}
</syntaxhighlight>
{{end}}
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Full parameter set in vertical format
! Parameters !! Prerequisites !! Brief instructions / notes !! Vertical list
|-
| {{tooltip|{{codett|last1}}|or any of its aliases, including: last; surname1; surname; author-last1; author1-last; author-last; author-surname1; author1-surname; author-surname; author1; author; subject-last1; subject1-last; subject-last; subject-surname1; subject1-surname; subject-surname; subject1; and subject}}
|
| Author's last name or single name author. Don't link.
| rowspan="116" style="vertical-align:top;" | <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" copy="1">
{{cite newsgroup
|last1                =
|first1              =
|author-link1        =
|last2                =
|first2              =
|author-link2        =
|display-authors      =
|author-mask1        =
|author-mask2        =
|collaboration        =
|df                  =
|date                =
|year                =
|orig-date            =
|orig-year            =
|location            =
|editor-last1        =
|editor-first1        =
|editor-link1        =
|editor-last2        =
|editor-first2        =
|editor-link2        =
|display-editors      =
|editor-mask1        =
|editor-mask2        =
|title                =
|script-title        =
|title-link          =
|url                  =
|url-access          =
|trans-title          =
|format              =
|department          =
|work                =
|script-work          =
|trans-work          =
|type                =
|series              =
|language            =
|interviewer-last1    =
|interviewer-first1  =
|interviewer-link1    =
|interviewer-last2    =
|interviewer-first2  =
|interviewer-link2    =
|display-interviewers =
|interviewer-mask1    =
|interviewer-mask2    =
|translator-last1    =
|translator-first1    =
|translator-link1    =
|translator-last2    =
|translator-first2    =
|translator-link2    =
|display-translators  =
|translator-mask1    =
|translator-mask2    =
|others              =
|name-list-style      =
|edition              =
|publication-place    =
|newsgroup            =
|publication-date    =
|minutes              =
|time-caption        =
|time                =
|arxiv                =
|asin                =
|asin-tld            =
|bibcode              =
|bibcode-access      =
|biorxiv              =
|citeseerx            =
|doi                  =
|doi-access          =
|doi-broken-date      =
|eissn                =
|hdl                  =
|hdl-access          =
|isbn                =
|ismn                =
|issn                =
|jfm                  =
|jstor                =
|jstor-access        =
|lccn                =
|medrxiv              =
|mr                  =
|oclc                =
|ol                  =
|ol-access            =
|osti                =
|osti-access          =
|pmc                  =
|pmc-embargo-date    =
|pmid                =
|rfc                  =
|sbn                  =
|ssrn                =
|s2cid                =
|s2cid-access        =
|message-id          =
|zbl                  =
|id                  =
|url-status          =
|archive-url          =
|archive-format      =
|archive-date        =
|access-date          =
|via                  =
|quote                =
|script-quote        =
|trans-quote          =
|mode                =
|ref                  =
|postscript          =
}}
</syntaxhighlight>
|-
| {{tooltip|{{codett|first1}}|or any of its aliases, including: first; given1; given; author-first1; author1-first; author-first; author-given1; author1-given; author-given; subject-first1; subject1-first; subject-first; subject-given1; subject1-given; subject-given; host1; and host}}
| {{tooltip|{{codett|last1}}|or any of its aliases, including: last; surname1; surname; author-last1; author1-last; author-last; author-surname1; author1-surname; author-surname; author1; author; subject-last1; subject1-last; subject-last; subject-surname1; subject1-surname; subject-surname; subject1; and subject}}
| Author's first name. Don't link.
|-
| {{tooltip|{{codett|author-link1}}|or any of its aliases, including: author1-link; author-link; authorlink1; author1link; authorlink; subject-link1; subject1-link; and subject-link}}
| {{tooltip|{{codett|last1}}|or any of its aliases, including: last; surname1; surname; author-last1; author1-last; author-last; author-surname1; author1-surname; author-surname; author1; author; subject-last1; subject1-last; subject-last; subject-surname1; subject1-surname; subject-surname; subject1; and subject}}
| Title of Wikipedia article about the first author. Don't link.
|-
| {{tooltip|{{codett|last2}}|or any of its aliases, including: surname2; author-last2; author2-last; author-surname2; author2-surname; author2; subject-last2; subject2-last; subject-surname2; subject2-surname; and subject2}}
| {{tooltip|{{codett|last1}}|or any of its aliases, including: last; surname1; surname; author-last1; author1-last; author-last; author-surname1; author1-surname; author-surname; author1; author; subject-last1; subject1-last; subject-last; subject-surname1; subject1-surname; subject-surname; subject1; and subject}}
| Like <code>last1</code>, but for 2nd author. Don't link. Similar: <code>last3</code>, etc.
|-
| {{tooltip|{{codett|first2}}|or any of its aliases, including: given2; author-first2; author2-first; author-given2; author2-given; subject-first2; subject2-first; subject-given2; subject2-given; and host2}}
| {{tooltip|{{codett|last2}}|or any of its aliases, including: surname2; author-last2; author2-last; author-surname2; author2-surname; author2; subject-last2; subject2-last; subject-surname2; subject2-surname; and subject2}}
| Like <code>first1</code>, but for 2nd author. Don't link. Similar: <code>first3</code>, etc.
|-
| {{tooltip|{{codett|author-link2}}|or any of its aliases, including: author2-link; authorlink2; author2link; subject-link2; and subject2-link}}
| {{tooltip|{{codett|last2}}|or any of its aliases, including: surname2; author-last2; author2-last; author-surname2; author2-surname; author2; subject-last2; subject2-last; subject-surname2; subject2-surname; and subject2}}
| Like <code>author-link1</code>, but for 2nd author. Don't link. Similar: <code>author-link3</code>, etc.
|-
| {{tooltip|{{codett|display-authors}}|or alias display-subjects}}
| {{tooltip|{{codett|last1}}|or any of its aliases, including: last; surname1; surname; author-last1; author1-last; author-last; author-surname1; author1-surname; author-surname; author1; author; subject-last1; subject1-last; subject-last; subject-surname1; subject1-surname; subject-surname; subject1; and subject}}
| Number (number of authors displayed) or <code>etal</code> (more authors)
|-
| {{tooltip|{{codett|author-mask1}}|or any of its aliases, including: author1-mask; author-mask; subject-mask1; subject1-mask; and subject-mask}}
| {{tooltip|{{codett|last1}}|or any of its aliases, including: last; surname1; surname; author-last1; author1-last; author-last; author-surname1; author1-surname; author-surname; author1; author; subject-last1; subject1-last; subject-last; subject-surname1; subject1-surname; subject-surname; subject1; and subject}}
| rowspan="2" | See [[#Display options|Display options]] below; not for lists of cited works
|-
| {{tooltip|{{codett|author-mask2}}|or any of its aliases, including: author2-mask; subject-mask2; and subject2-mask}}
| {{tooltip|{{codett|last2}}|or any of its aliases, including: surname2; author-last2; author2-last; author-surname2; author2-surname; author2; subject-last2; subject2-last; subject-surname2; subject2-surname; and subject2}}
|-
| <code>collaboration</code>
| {{tooltip|{{codett|last1}}|or any of its aliases, including: last; surname1; surname; author-last1; author1-last; author-last; author-surname1; author1-surname; author-surname; author1; author; subject-last1; subject1-last; subject-last; subject-surname1; subject1-surname; subject-surname; subject1; and subject}}
|-
| <code>df</code> || ||
|-
| <code>date</code> || ||
|-
| <code>year</code> || ||
|-
| <code>orig-date</code> || <code>date</code> or <code>year</code> ||
|-
| <code>orig-year</code> || <code>date</code> or <code>year</code> ||
|-
| {{tooltip|{{codett|location}}|or alias place}} || <code>newsgroup</code> || can be used for written-at location when <code>publication-place</code> is used for publication place
|-
| {{tooltip|{{codett|editor-last1}}|or any of its aliases, including: editor1-last; editor-last; editor1; editor; editor-surname1; editor1-surname; and editor-surname}}
|
| Like <code>last1</code>, but for editor. Don't link.
|-
| {{tooltip|{{codett|editor-first1}}|or any of its aliases, including: editor1-first; editor-first; editor-given1; editor1-given; and editor-given}}
| {{tooltip|{{codett|editor-last1}}|or any of its aliases, including: editor1-last; editor-last; editor1; editor; editor-surname1; editor1-surname; and editor-surname}}
| Like <code>first1</code>, but for editor. Don't link.
|-
| {{tooltip|{{codett|editor-link1}}|or any of its aliases, including: editor1-link; and editor-link}}
| {{tooltip|{{codett|editor-last1}}|or any of its aliases, including: editor1-last; editor-last; editor1; editor; editor-surname1; editor1-surname; and editor-surname}}
| Like <code>author-link1</code>, but for editor. Don't link.
|-
| {{tooltip|{{codett|editor-last2}}|or any of its aliases, including: editor2-last; editor2; editor-surname2; and editor2-surname}}
| {{tooltip|{{codett|editor-last1}}|or any of its aliases, including: editor1-last; editor-last; editor1; editor; editor-surname1; editor1-surname; and editor-surname}}
| Like <code>last1</code>, but for 2nd editor. Don't link. Similar: <code>editor-last3</code>, etc.
|-
| {{tooltip|{{codett|editor-first2}}|or any of its aliases, including: editor2-first; editor-given2; and editor2-given}}
| {{tooltip|{{codett|editor-last2}}|or any of its aliases, including: editor2-last; editor2; editor-surname2; and editor2-surname}}
| Like <code>first1</code>, but for 2nd editor. Don't link. Similar: <code>editor-first3</code>, etc.
|-
| {{tooltip|{{codett|editor-link2}}|or alias editor2-link}}
| {{tooltip|{{codett|editor-last2}}|or any of its aliases, including: editor2-last; editor2; editor-surname2; and editor2-surname}}
| Like <code>author-link1</code>, but for 2nd editor. Don't link. Similar: <code>editor-link3</code>, etc.
|-
| <code>display-editors</code>
| {{tooltip|{{codett|editor-last1}}|or any of its aliases, including: editor1-last; editor-last; editor1; editor; editor-surname1; editor1-surname; and editor-surname}}
| Like <code>display-authors</code>, but for editors
|-
| {{tooltip|{{codett|editor-mask1}}|or any of its aliases, including: editor1-mask; and editor-mask}}
| {{tooltip|{{codett|editor-last1}}|or any of its aliases, including: editor1-last; editor-last; editor1; editor; editor-surname1; editor1-surname; and editor-surname}}
| rowspan="2" | See [[#Display options|Display options]] below; not for lists of cited works
|-
| {{tooltip|{{codett|editor-mask2}}|or alias editor2-mask}}
| {{tooltip|{{codett|editor-last2}}|or any of its aliases, including: editor2-last; editor2; editor-surname2; and editor2-surname}}
|-
| <code>title</code> || || This parameter is required.
|-
| <code>script-title</code> || ||
|-
| <code>title-link</code> || <code>title</code> or <code>script-title</code> || Name of a Wikipedia article about the work. Do not use if <code>url</code> is provided
|-
| <code>url</code> || <code>title</code> or <code>script-title</code> || Do not use if <code>title-link</code> is provided
|-
| <code>url-access</code> || <code>url</code> ||
|-
| <code>trans-title</code> || <code>title</code> or <code>script-title</code> ||
|-
| <code>format</code> || <code>url</code> ||
|-
| <code>department</code> || ||
|-
| {{tooltip|{{codett|work}}|or any of its aliases, including: journal; magazine; newspaper; periodical; and website}} || ||
|-
| {{tooltip|{{codett|script-work}}|or any of its aliases, including: script-journal; script-magazine; script-newspaper; script-periodical; and script-website}} || ||
|-
| {{tooltip|{{codett|trans-work}}|or any of its aliases, including: trans-journal; trans-magazine; trans-newspaper; trans-periodical; and trans-website}} || {{tooltip|{{codett|work}}|or any of its aliases, including: journal; magazine; newspaper; periodical; and website}} or {{tooltip|{{codett|script-work}}|or any of its aliases, including: script-journal; script-magazine; script-newspaper; script-periodical; and script-website}} ||
|-
| {{tooltip|{{codett|type}}|or alias medium}} || ||
|-
| <code>series</code> || ||
|-
| {{tooltip|{{codett|language}}|or alias lang}} || ||
|-
| {{tooltip|{{codett|interviewer-last1}}|or any of its aliases, including: interviewer1-last; interviewer-last; interviewer1; interviewer; interviewer-surname1; interviewer1-surname; and interviewer-surname}}
|
| Like <code>last1</code>, but for interviewer. Don't link.
|-
| {{tooltip|{{codett|interviewer-first1}}|or any of its aliases, including: interviewer1-first; interviewer-first; interviewer-given1; interviewer1-given; and interviewer-given}}
| {{tooltip|{{codett|interviewer-last1}}|or any of its aliases, including: interviewer1-last; interviewer-last; interviewer1; interviewer; interviewer-surname1; interviewer1-surname; and interviewer-surname}}
| Like <code>first1</code>, but for interviewer. Don't link.
|-
| {{tooltip|{{codett|interviewer-link1}}|or any of its aliases, including: interviewer1-link; and interviewer-link}}
| {{tooltip|{{codett|interviewer-last1}}|or any of its aliases, including: interviewer1-last; interviewer-last; interviewer1; interviewer; interviewer-surname1; interviewer1-surname; and interviewer-surname}}
| Like <code>author-link1</code>, but for interviewer. Don't link.
|-
| {{tooltip|{{codett|interviewer-last2}}|or any of its aliases, including: interviewer2-last; interviewer2; interviewer-surname2; and interviewer2-surname}}
| {{tooltip|{{codett|interviewer-last1}}|or any of its aliases, including: interviewer1-last; interviewer-last; interviewer1; interviewer; interviewer-surname1; interviewer1-surname; and interviewer-surname}}
| Like <code>last1</code>, but for 2nd interviewer. Don't link. Similar: <code>interviewer-last3</code>, etc.
|-
| {{tooltip|{{codett|interviewer-first2}}|or any of its aliases, including: interviewer2-first; interviewer-given2; and interviewer2-given}}
| {{tooltip|{{codett|interviewer-last2}}|or any of its aliases, including: interviewer2-last; interviewer2; interviewer-surname2; and interviewer2-surname}}
| Like <code>first1</code>, but for 2nd interviewer. Don't link. Similar: <code>interviewer-first3</code>, etc.
|-
| {{tooltip|{{codett|interviewer-link2}}|or alias interviewer2-link}}
| {{tooltip|{{codett|interviewer-last2}}|or any of its aliases, including: interviewer2-last; interviewer2; interviewer-surname2; and interviewer2-surname}}
| Like <code>author-link1</code>, but for 2nd interviewer. Don't link. Similar: <code>interviewer-link3</code>, etc.
|-
| <code>display-interviewers</code>
| {{tooltip|{{codett|interviewer-last1}}|or any of its aliases, including: interviewer1-last; interviewer-last; interviewer1; interviewer; interviewer-surname1; interviewer1-surname; and interviewer-surname}}
| Like <code>display-authors</code>, but for interviewers
|-
| {{tooltip|{{codett|interviewer-mask1}}|or any of its aliases, including: interviewer1-mask; and interviewer-mask}}
| {{tooltip|{{codett|interviewer-last1}}|or any of its aliases, including: interviewer1-last; interviewer-last; interviewer1; interviewer; interviewer-surname1; interviewer1-surname; and interviewer-surname}}
| rowspan="2" | See [[#Display options|Display options]] below; not for lists of cited works
|-
| {{tooltip|{{codett|interviewer-mask2}}|or alias interviewer2-mask}}
| {{tooltip|{{codett|interviewer-last2}}|or any of its aliases, including: interviewer2-last; interviewer2; interviewer-surname2; and interviewer2-surname}}
|-
| {{tooltip|{{codett|translator-last1}}|or any of its aliases, including: translator1-last; translator-last; translator1; translator; translator-surname1; translator1-surname; and translator-surname}}
|
| Like <code>last1</code>, but for translator. Don't link.
|-
| {{tooltip|{{codett|translator-first1}}|or any of its aliases, including: translator1-first; translator-first; translator-given1; translator1-given; and translator-given}}
| {{tooltip|{{codett|translator-last1}}|or any of its aliases, including: translator1-last; translator-last; translator1; translator; translator-surname1; translator1-surname; and translator-surname}}
| Like <code>first1</code>, but for translator. Don't link.
|-
| {{tooltip|{{codett|translator-link1}}|or any of its aliases, including: translator1-link; and translator-link}}
| {{tooltip|{{codett|translator-last1}}|or any of its aliases, including: translator1-last; translator-last; translator1; translator; translator-surname1; translator1-surname; and translator-surname}}
| Like <code>author-link1</code>, but for translator. Don't link.
|-
| {{tooltip|{{codett|translator-last2}}|or any of its aliases, including: translator2-last; translator2; translator-surname2; and translator2-surname}}
| {{tooltip|{{codett|translator-last1}}|or any of its aliases, including: translator1-last; translator-last; translator1; translator; translator-surname1; translator1-surname; and translator-surname}}
| Like <code>last1</code>, but for 2nd translator. Don't link. Similar: <code>translator-last3</code>, etc.
|-
| {{tooltip|{{codett|translator-first2}}|or any of its aliases, including: translator2-first; translator-given2; and translator2-given}}
| {{tooltip|{{codett|translator-last2}}|or any of its aliases, including: translator2-last; translator2; translator-surname2; and translator2-surname}}
| Like <code>first1</code>, but for 2nd translator. Don't link. Similar: <code>translator-first3</code>, etc.
|-
| {{tooltip|{{codett|translator-link2}}|or alias translator2-link}}
| {{tooltip|{{codett|translator-last2}}|or any of its aliases, including: translator2-last; translator2; translator-surname2; and translator2-surname}}
| Like <code>author-link1</code>, but for 2nd translator. Don't link. Similar: <code>translator-link3</code>, etc.
|-
| <code>display-translators</code>
| {{tooltip|{{codett|translator-last1}}|or any of its aliases, including: translator1-last; translator-last; translator1; translator; translator-surname1; translator1-surname; and translator-surname}}
| Like <code>display-authors</code>, but for translators
|-
| {{tooltip|{{codett|translator-mask1}}|or any of its aliases, including: translator1-mask; and translator-mask}}
| {{tooltip|{{codett|translator-last1}}|or any of its aliases, including: translator1-last; translator-last; translator1; translator; translator-surname1; translator1-surname; and translator-surname}}
| rowspan="2" | See [[#Display options|Display options]] below; not for lists of cited works
|-
| {{tooltip|{{codett|translator-mask2}}|or alias translator2-mask}}
| {{tooltip|{{codett|translator-last2}}|or any of its aliases, including: translator2-last; translator2; translator-surname2; and translator2-surname}}
|-
| <code>others</code> || ||
|-
| <code>name-list-style</code>
| {{tooltip|{{codett|last2}}|or any of its aliases, including: surname2; author-last2; author2-last; author-surname2; author2-surname; author2; subject-last2; subject2-last; subject-surname2; subject2-surname; and subject2}}
| Set to <code>amp</code> or <code>ampersand</code> to separate the last author with {{nowrap|"<code> & </code>"}}; set to <code>and</code> to separate with {{nowrap|"<code> and </code>"}}
|-
| <code>edition</code> || ||
|-
| <code>publication-place</code> || <code>newsgroup</code> ||
|-
| <code>newsgroup</code> || ||
|-
| <code>publication-date</code> || ||
|-
| <code>minutes</code> || ||
|-
| <code>time-caption</code> || <code>time</code> ||
|-
| <code>time</code> || ||
|-
| {{tooltip|{{codett|arxiv}}|or alias eprint}} || ||
|-
| {{tooltip|{{codett|asin}}|or alias ASIN}} || ||
|-
| <code>asin-tld</code> || {{tooltip|{{codett|asin}}|or alias ASIN}} ||
|-
| <code>bibcode</code> || ||
|-
| <code>biorxiv</code> || ||
|-
| <code>biorxiv-access</code> || <code>biorxiv</code> ||
|-
| <code>citeseerx</code> || ||
|-
| {{tooltip|{{codett|doi}}|or alias DOI}} || ||
|-
| <code>doi-access</code> || {{tooltip|{{codett|doi}}|or alias DOI}} ||
|-
| <code>doi-broken-date</code> || {{tooltip|{{codett|doi}}|or alias DOI}} ||
|-
| {{tooltip|{{codett|eissn}}|or alias EISSN}} || ||
|-
| {{tooltip|{{codett|hdl}}|or alias HDL}} || ||
|-
| <code>hdl-access</code> || {{tooltip|{{codett|hdl}}|or alias HDL}} ||
|-
| {{tooltip|{{codett|isbn}}|or alias ISBN}} || ||
|-
| {{tooltip|{{codett|ismn}}|or alias ISMN}} || ||
|-
| {{tooltip|{{codett|issn}}|or alias ISSN}} || ||
|-
| {{tooltip|{{codett|jfm}}|or alias JFM}} || ||
|-
| {{tooltip|{{codett|jstor}}|or alias JSTOR}} || ||
|-
| <code>jstor-access</code> || {{tooltip|{{codett|jstor}}|or alias JSTOR}} ||
|-
| {{tooltip|{{codett|lccn}}|or alias LCCN}} || ||
|-
| <code>medrxiv</code> || ||
|-
| {{tooltip|{{codett|mr}}|or alias MR}} || ||
|-
| {{tooltip|{{codett|oclc}}|or alias OCLC}} || ||
|-
| {{tooltip|{{codett|ol}}|or alias OL}} || ||
|-
| <code>ol-access</code> || {{tooltip|{{codett|ol}}|or alias OL}} ||
|-
| {{tooltip|{{codett|osti}}|or alias OSTI}} || ||
|-
| <code>osti-access</code> || {{tooltip|{{codett|osti}}|or alias OSTI}} ||
|-
| {{tooltip|{{codett|pmc}}|or alias PMC}} || ||
|-
| <code>pmc-embargo-date</code> || {{tooltip|{{codett|pmc}}|or alias PMC}} ||
|-
| {{tooltip|{{codett|pmid}}|or alias PMID}} || ||
|-
| {{tooltip|{{codett|rfc}}|or alias RFC}} || ||
|-
| {{tooltip|{{codett|sbn}}|or alias SBN}} || ||
|-
| {{tooltip|{{codett|ssrn}}|or alias SSRN}} || ||
|-
| {{tooltip|{{codett|s2cid}}|or alias S2CID}} || ||
|-
| <code>s2cid-access</code> || {{tooltip|{{codett|s2cid}}|or alias S2CID}} ||
|-
| <code>message-id</code> || || The newsgroup's message identifier; the value in the message header between angle-brackets <code><</code> and <code>></code>; do not include the angle-brackets in {{para|message-id}}; must include <code>@</code>.
|-
| {{tooltip|{{codett|zbl}}|or alias ZBL}} || ||
|-
| {{tooltip|{{codett|id}}|or alias ID}} || ||
|-
| <code>url-status</code> || {{tooltip|{{codett|archive-url}}|or alias archiveurl}} ||
|-
| {{tooltip|{{codett|archive-url}}|or alias archiveurl}} || {{tooltip|{{codett|archive-date}}|or alias archiveurl}}, <code>url</code> ||
|-
| <code>archive-format</code> || {{tooltip|{{codett|archive-url}}|or alias archiveurl}} ||
|-
| {{tooltip|{{codett|archive-date}}|or alias archivedate}} || {{tooltip|{{codett|archive-url}}|or alias archiveurl}} ||
|-
| {{tooltip|{{codett|access-date}}|or alias accessdate}} || <code>url</code> ||
|-
| <code>via</code> || ||
|-
| {{tooltip|{{codett|quote}}|or alias quotation}} || ||
|-
| <code>script-quote</code> || ||
|-
| <code>trans-quote</code> || ||
|-
| <code>mode</code> || || <code>cs1</code> or <code>cs2</code>
|-
| <code>ref</code> || ||
|-
| <code>postscript</code> || ||
|-
| colspan="4" style="text-align: center" | If a field name is listed in the '''Prerequisites''' column, it is a prerequisite for the field to the left.
|}
=== Examples ===
<code><nowiki>{{cite newsgroup
| author = Tanenbaum, A. S.
| title = LINUX is obsolete
| date = January 29, 1992
| newsgroup = comp.os.minix
| message-id = [email protected]
| quote = I am not unhappy with LINUX
}}</nowiki></code>
* {{cite newsgroup
| author = Tanenbaum, A. S.
| title = LINUX is obsolete
| date = January 29, 1992
| newsgroup = comp.os.minix
| message-id = [email protected]
| quote = I am not unhappy with LINUX
}}
<code><nowiki>{{cite newsgroup
| author = A. S. Tanenbaum
| title = LINUX is obsolete
| date = January 29, 1992
| newsgroup = comp.os.minix
| message-id = [email protected]
| url = http://groups.google.com/group/comp.os.minix/browse_thread/thread/c25870d7a41696d2/f447530d082cd95d?tvc=2
| access-date = November 27, 2006
}}</nowiki></code>
* {{cite newsgroup
| author = A. S. Tanenbaum
| title = LINUX is obsolete
| date = January 29, 1992
| newsgroup = comp.os.minix
| message-id = [email protected]
| url = http://groups.google.com/group/comp.os.minix/browse_thread/thread/c25870d7a41696d2/f447530d082cd95d?tvc=2
| access-date = November 27, 2006}} - Uses Google Groups default Message-ID lookup URL
== Parameters ==
=== Syntax ===
{{csdoc|syntax}}
{{csdoc|sep_period}}
=== COinS ===
{{csdoc|coins}}
=== What's new ===
{{csdoc|whats new}}
=== Deprecated ===
{{csdoc|deprecated}}
=== Description ===
==== Authors ====
{{csdoc|author|others=yes}}
==== Date ====
{{csdoc|date}}
==== Editors ====
{{csdoc|editor}}
==== Title ====
{{csdoc|title|title_format=quotes}}
{{csdoc|newsgroup}}
{{csdoc|type}}
{{csdoc|language}}
==== <span class="anchor" id="url"></span>URL ====
{{csdoc|url}}
Additional note: (deprecated; use '''url''') <s>use of '''googleid=''' with the Google style id of a posting will automatically generate an appropriate URL.
(The Google style-id can be determined by clicking 'Show Original' in the Groups UI. The Google Style id is the number between the "/msg/" and "?dmode=" portions of the URL used to show the original.)</s>
==== Periodical (work, newspaper, website) ====
{{csdoc|journal|issue=no|department=yes}}
==== Edition, series ====
{{csdoc|edition}}
{{csdoc|series}}
==== Publisher ====
{{csdoc|publisher}}
==== In-source locations ====
{{csdoc|time}}
==== Identifiers ====
{{distinguish|#Anchor}}
* '''message-id''': the newsgroup's message identifier; the value in the message header between angle-brackets <code><</code> and <code>></code>; do not include the angle-brackets in {{para|message-id}}; must include <code>@</code>.
{{csdoc|id1}}
{{csdoc|id2}}
==== Subscription or registration required ====
{{csdoc|registration}}
==== Quote ====
{{csdoc|quote|unpaginated=yes}}
==== Anchor ====
{{distinguish|#Identifiers}}
{{csdoc|ref}}
==== Display options ====
{{csdoc|display}}
== Link icons ==
Link icons are not created by this template, but by CSS; see [[Help:External link icons]].
== TemplateData ==
{{Warning |image=Stop hand nuvola.svg |This section contains configuration data used by editing tools and automated bots. Changes to this data can result in widespread and unintended effects. For more information see [[Help:Citation Style 1#TemplateData]]}}
{{TemplateData header}}
{{#invoke:cs1 documentation support|template_data_validate|{{ROOTPAGENAME}}}}
{{#invoke:cs1 documentation support|template_data_validate|{{ROOTPAGENAME}}}}
<templatedata>
<templatedata>

Latest revision as of 13:44, 11 July 2025


Formats citation of the Newsgroup Template

Template parameters

This template has custom formatting.

ParameterDescriptionTypeStatus
URLurl URL

The URL of the online location where the text of the publication can be found

Stringsuggested
Source titletitle

The title of the source page on the website; displays in quotes

Stringrequired
Last namelast last1 author author1

The surname of the author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link'.

Unknownsuggested
First namefirst first1

Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link'.

Unknownsuggested
Source datedate

Full date of the source; do not wikilink

Stringsuggested
Publisherpublisher

Name of the publisher; displays after title

Stringoptional
News Groupnewsgroup

Name of newsgroup; a link is automatically created; do not wikilink.

Stringsuggested
Last name 2last2 author2

The surname of the second author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link2'.

Unknownoptional
First name 2first2

Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the second author; don't wikilink.

Unknownoptional
Vauthorsvauthors

comma separated list of author names in Vancouver style; enclose corporate or institutional author names in doubled parentheses

Lineoptional
Othersothers

Used to record other contributions to the work, such as 'Illustrated by John Smith' or 'Translated by John Smith'

Stringoptional
Year of publicationyear

Year of the source being referenced; use 'date' instead, if month and day are also known

Stringoptional
Editor last nameeditor-last editor1-last editor editor-last1

The surname of the editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor-link'; can suffix with a numeral to add additional editors.

Lineoptional
Editor first nameeditor-first editor1-first editor-first1

Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor-link'; can suffix with a numeral to add additional editors; alias of 'editor1-first'

Lineoptional
Editor linkeditor-link editor1-link editor-link1

Title of existing Wikipedia article about the editor; can suffix with a numeral to add additional editors

Page nameoptional
Translator Last Nametranslator-last translator1 translator1-last translator-last1

Surname of translator. Do not wikilink

Lineoptional
Translator First Nametranslator-first translator1-first translator-first1

Given or first names of translator. Do not wikilink

Lineoptional
Translator Linktranslator-link translator-link1 translator1-link

Title of existing Wikipedia article about the translator—not the translator's website; do not wikilink.

Page nameoptional
Translator Last Name 2translator2-last translator-last2

Surname of second Translator

Lineoptional
Translator First Name 2translator2-first translator-first2

Given or first names of second translator. Do not wikilink

Lineoptional
Translator Link 2translator2-link translator-link2

Title of existing Wikipedia article about the second translator—not the translator's website; do not wikilink.

Lineoptional
Issueissue number

Issue identifier when the source is part of a series that is published periodically

Stringoptional
Departmentdepartment

Department within the periodical

Stringoptional
Location of publicationlocation

Geographical place of publication; usually not wikilinked; omit when the publication name includes place; alias of 'place'

Stringoptional
Place of publicationpublication-place

Publication place shows after title; if 'place' or 'location' are also given, they are displayed before the title prefixed with 'written at'

Stringoptional
Publication datepublication-date

Date of publication when different from the date the work was written; do not wikilink

Stringoptional
Editionedition

When the publication has more than one edition; for example: '2nd', 'Revised' etc.; suffixed with ' ed.'

Stringoptional
Volumevolume

For one publication published in several volumes

Stringoptional
Pagepage

Page in the source that supports the content; displays after 'p.'

Stringoptional
Pagespages

Pages in the source that support the content (not an indication of the number of pages in the source; displays after 'pp.'

Stringoptional
No ppno-pp

Set to 'y' to suppress the 'p.' or 'pp.' display with 'page' or 'pages' when inappropriate (such as 'Front cover')

Stringoptional
Atat

May be used instead of 'page' or 'pages' where a page number is inappropriate or insufficient

Stringoptional
Languagelanguage

The language in which the source is written, if not English; use the full language name; do not use icons or templates

Stringoptional
Script titlescript-title

For titles in languages that do not use a Latin-based alphabet (Arabic, Chinese, Cyrillic, Greek, Hebrew, Japanese, Korean, Vietnamese, etc). Prefix with two-character ISO639-1 language code followed by a colon. For Japanese use: |script-title=ja:...

Stringoptional
Translated titletrans-title

An English language title, if the source cited is in a foreign language; 'language' is recommended

Stringoptional
Typetype

Additional information about the media type of the source; format in sentence case

Stringoptional
Formatformat

Format of the work referred to by 'url'; examples: PDF, DOC, XLS; do not specify HTML

Stringoptional
arXiv identifierarxiv

An identifier for arXive electronic preprints of scientific papers

Stringoptional
ASINasin

Amazon Standard Identification Number; 10 characters

Stringoptional
ASIN TLDasin-tld

ASIN top-level domain for Amazon sites other than the US

Stringoptional
Bibcodebibcode

Bibliographic Reference Code (REFCODE); 19 characters

Stringoptional
DOIdoi

Digital Object Identifier; begins with '10.'

Stringoptional
DOI broken datedoi-broken-date

The date that the DOI was determined to be broken

Stringoptional
ISBNisbn

International Standard Book Number; use the 13-digit ISBN where possible

Stringoptional
ISSNissn

International Standard Serial Number; 8 characters; may be split into two groups of four using a hyphen

Stringoptional
jfm codejfm

Jahrbuch über die Fortschritte der Mathematik classification code

Stringoptional
JSTORjstor

JSTOR identifier

Stringoptional
LCCNlccn

Library of Congress Control Number

Stringoptional
MRmr

Mathematical Reviews identifier

Stringoptional
OCLCoclc

Online Computer Library Center number

Stringoptional
OLol

Open Library identifier

Stringoptional
OSTIosti

Office of Scientific and Technical Information identifier

Stringoptional
PMCpmc

PubMed Center article number

Stringoptional
PMIDpmid

PubMed Unique Identifier

Stringoptional
RFCrfc

Request for Comments number

Stringoptional
SSRNssrn

Social Science Research Network

Stringoptional
Zblzbl

Zentralblatt MATH journal identifier

Stringoptional
Message IDmessage-id

the newsgroup's message identifier; the value in the message header between angle-brackets < and >; do not include the angle-brackets in |message-id=; must include @

Stringsuggested
idid

A unique identifier used where none of the specialized ones are applicable

Stringoptional
Quotequote

Relevant text quoted from the source; displays last, enclosed in quotes; needs to include terminating punctuation

Stringoptional
Refref

An anchor identifier; can be made the target of wikilinks to full references; special value 'harv' generates an anchor suitable for the harv and sfn templates

Stringoptional
Postscriptpostscript

The closing punctuation for the citation; ignored if 'quote' is defined; to suppress use reserved keyword 'none'

Default
.
Stringoptional
Last name 3last3 author3

The surname of the third author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link3'.

Unknownoptional
First name 3first3

Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the third author; don't wikilink.

Unknownoptional
Last name 4last4 author4

The surname of the fourth author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link4'.

Unknownoptional
First name 4first4

Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the fourth author; don't wikilink.

Unknownoptional
Last name 5last5 author5

The surname of the fifth author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link5'.

Unknownoptional
First name 5first5

Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the fifth author; don't wikilink.

Unknownoptional
Last name 6last6 author6

The surname of the sixth author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link6'.

Unknownoptional
First name 6first6

Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the sixth author; don't wikilink.

Unknownoptional
Last name 7last7 author7

The surname of the seventh author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link7'.

Unknownoptional
First name 7first7

Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the seventh author; don't wikilink.

Unknownoptional
Last name 8last8 author8

The surname of the eighth author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link8'.

Unknownoptional
First name 8first8

Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the eighth author; don't wikilink.

Unknownoptional
Last name 9last9 author9

The surname of the ninth author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link9'.

Unknownoptional
First name 9first9

Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the ninth author; don't wikilink.

Unknownoptional
Author maskauthor-mask

Replaces the name of the first author with em dashes or text; set to a numeric value 'n' to set the dash 'n' em spaces wide; set to a text value to display the text without a trailing author separator; for example, 'with' instead

Stringoptional
Display authorsdisplay-authors

number of authors to display before 'et al.' is used;

Numberoptional
Author linkauthor-link author-link1 author1-link

Title of existing Wikipedia article about the author; can suffix with a numeral to add additional authors

Page nameoptional
Author link 2author-link2 author2-link

Title of existing Wikipedia article about the second author.

Page nameoptional
Archive URLarchive-url

The URL of an archived copy of a web page, if or in case the URL becomes unavailable; requires 'archivedate'

Stringoptional
Archive datearchive-date

Date when the original URL was archived; do not wikilink

Stringoptional
URL statusurl-status

If set to 'live', the title display is adjusted; useful for when the URL is archived preemptively but still live

Stringoptional
Author link 3author-link3 author3-link

Title of existing Wikipedia article about the third author.

Page nameoptional
Author link 4author-link4 author4-link

Title of existing Wikipedia article about the fourth author.

Page nameoptional
Author link 5author-link5 author5-link

Title of existing Wikipedia article about the fifth author.

Page nameoptional
Author link 6author-link6 author6-link

Title of existing Wikipedia article about the sixth author.

Page nameoptional
Author link 7author-link7 author7-link

Title of existing Wikipedia article about the seventh author.

Page nameoptional
Author link 8author-link8 author8-link

Title of existing Wikipedia article about the eighth author.

Page nameoptional
Author link 9author-link9 author9-link

Title of existing Wikipedia article about the ninth author.

Page nameoptional
Name list stylename-list-style

Set to 'amp' or 'and' to change the separator between the last two names of the name list to ' & ' or ' and ', respectively. Set to 'vanc' to display name lists in Vancouver style.

Stringoptional
Editor last name 2editor2-last editor2

The surname of the second editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor2-link'.

Lineoptional
Editor first name 2editor2-first

Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the second editor; don't wikilink.

Lineoptional
Editor last name 3editor3-last editor3

The surname of the third editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor3-link'.

Lineoptional
Editor first name 3editor3-first

Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the third editor; don't wikilink.

Lineoptional
Editor last name 4editor4-last editor4

The surname of the fourth editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor4-link'.

Lineoptional
Editor first name 4editor4-first

Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the fourth editor; don't wikilink.

Lineoptional
Editor last name 5editor5-last editor5

The surname of the fifth editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor5-link'.

Lineoptional
Editor first name 5editor5-first

Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the fifth editor; don't wikilink.

Lineoptional
Editor last name 6editor6-last editor6

The surname of the sixth editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor6-link'.

Lineoptional
Editor first name 6editor6-first

Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the sixth editor; don't wikilink.

Lineoptional
Editor last name 7editor7-last editor7

The surname of the seventh editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor7-link'.

Lineoptional
Editor first name 7editor7-first

Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the seventh editor; don't wikilink.

Lineoptional
Editor last name 8editor8-last editor8

The surname of the eighth editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor8-link'.

Lineoptional
Editor first name 8editor8-first

Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the eighth editor; don't wikilink.

Lineoptional
Editor last name 9editor9-last editor9

The surname of the ninth editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor9-link'.

Lineoptional
Editor first name 9editor9-first

Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the ninth editor; don't wikilink.

Lineoptional
Editor link 2editor2-link editor-link2

Title of existing Wikipedia article about the second editor.

Page nameoptional
Editor link 3editor3-link editor-link3

Title of existing Wikipedia article about the third editor.

Page nameoptional
Editor link 4editor4-link editor-link4

Title of existing Wikipedia article about the fourth editor.

Page nameoptional
Editor link 5editor5-link editor-link5

Title of existing Wikipedia article about the fifth editor.

Page nameoptional
Editor link 6editor6-link editor-link6

Title of existing Wikipedia article about the sixth editor.

Page nameoptional
Editor link 7editor7-link editor-link7

Title of existing Wikipedia article about the seventh editor.

Page nameoptional
Editor link 8editor8-link editor-link8

Title of existing Wikipedia article about the eighth editor.

Page nameoptional
Editor link 9editor9-link editor-link9

Title of existing Wikipedia article about the ninth editor.

Page nameoptional
Translator Last Name 3translator3-last translator-last3

Surname of third translator. Do not wikilink

Lineoptional
Translator First Name 3translator3-first translator-first3

Given or first names of third translator. Do not wikilink

Lineoptional
Translator Link 3translator3-link translator-link3

Title of existing Wikipedia article about the third translator—not the translator's website; do not wikilink.

Lineoptional
Translator Last Name 4translator4-last translator-last4

Surname of fourth translator. Do not wikilink

Lineoptional
Translator First Name 4translator4-first translator-first4

Given or first names of fourth translator. Do not wikilink

Lineoptional
Translator Link 4translator4-link translator-link4

Title of existing Wikipedia article about the fourth translator—not the translator's website; do not wikilink.

Page nameoptional
Translator Last Name 5translator5-last translator-last5

Surname of fifth translator. Do not wikilink

Lineoptional
Translator First Name 5translator5-first translator-first5

Given or first names of fifth translator. Do not wikilink

Page nameoptional
Translator Link 5translator5-link translator-link5

Title of existing Wikipedia article about the fifth translator—not the translator's website; do not wikilink.

Page nameoptional
Translator Last Name 6translator6-last translator-last6

Surname of sixth translator. Do not wikilink

Page nameoptional
Translator First Name 6translator6-first translator-first6

Given or first names of sixth translator. Do not wikilink

Page nameoptional
Translator Link 6translator6-link translator-link6

Title of existing Wikipedia article about sixth the translator—not the translator's website; do not wikilink.

Page nameoptional
Translator Last Name 7translator7-last translator-last7

Surname of seventh translator. Do not wikilink

Page nameoptional
Translator First Name 7translator7-first translator-first7

Given or first names of seventh translator. Do not wikilink

Page nameoptional
Translator Link 7translator7-link translator-link7

Title of existing Wikipedia article about the seventh translator—not the translator's website; do not wikilink.

Stringoptional
Translator Last Name 8translator8-last translator-last8

Surname of eighth translator. Do not wikilink

Stringoptional
Translator First Name 8translator8-first translator-first8

Given or first names of eighth translator. Do not wikilink

Stringoptional
Translator Link 8translator8-link translator-link8

Title of existing Wikipedia article about the eighth translator—not the translator's website; do not wikilink.

Stringoptional
Translator Last Name 9translator9-last translator-last9

Surname of ninth translator. Do not wikilink

Stringoptional
Translator First Name 9translator9-first

Given or first names of ninth translator. Do not wikilink

Stringoptional
Translator Link 9translator9-link translator9-link

Title of existing Wikipedia article about the ninth translator—not the translator's website; do not wikilink.

Stringoptional
URL access dateaccess-date

The full date when the original URL was accessed; do not wikilink

Stringsuggested
Original dateorig-date

Original date of publication; provide specifics

Stringoptional
URL access levelurl-access

Classification of the access restrictions on the URL ('registration', 'subscription' or 'limited')

Stringoptional
Bibcode access levelbibcode-access

If the full text is available from ADS via this Bibcode, type 'free'.

Stringoptional
DOI access leveldoi-access

If the full text is free to read via the DOI, type 'free'.

Stringoptional
HDL access levelhdl-access

If the full text is free to read via the HDL, type 'free'.

Stringoptional
Jstor access leveljstor-access

If the full text is free to read on Jstor, type 'free'.

Stringoptional
OpenLibrary access levelol-access

If the full text is free to read on OpenLibrary, type 'free'.

Stringoptional
OSTI access levelosti-access

If the full text is free to read on OSTI, type 'free'.

Stringoptional
viavia

Identify the aggregator of the resource that provided the digital version (usually a database provider), when it differs from the publisher (e.g., for The Wikipedia Library)

Example
EBSCOHost , Proquest, Newspapers.com
Unknownsuggested

See also

This template produces COinS metadata; see COinS in Wikipedia for background information.


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