Editing User:Project Herzl/Sandbox

== Egypt's blockade of the straits of Tiran ==
Around noon on May 22, Nasser announced that Egypt would close the Straits of Tiran to “all ships flying Israeli flags or carrying strategic materials” to Eilat.<ref>{{harv|Morris|1999|p=306}}; {{harv|Popp|2006|p=285}}; {{harv|Yemini|2017|p=249}}</ref> Those “strategic goods” included, amongst other things, oil shipments from Iran, which constituted 90% of Israel’s overall oil supply.<ref>{{harv|Shlaim and Louis|2012|p=224}}</ref> The blockade prevented all oil shipments from arriving.<ref>{{harv|Shlaim and Louis|2012|p=27}}</ref> This move was widely regarded by Israel, the US and the “international community” as a '''casus belli'''<ref>{{harv|Bregman|2016|p=393}}; {{harv|Mattar|2005|p=31}}; {{harv|Morris|1999|p=306}}; {{harv|Fraser|2018|p=81}}; {{harv|Cattan|1969|p=103}}; {{harv|Zipperstein|2024|p=272}}; {{harv|ربيع|1983|p=296}}; {{harv|Barker|2023|p=18}}; {{harv|كميل حبيب.|2002|p=132}}; {{harv|Aron|2002|p=133}}; {{harv|أحمد|1993|p=62}}; {{harv|Shemesh|2008|p=118}}; {{harv|رفعت سيد أحمد. and أحمد، رفعت سيد.|1993|p=63}}; {{harv|Ruys|2010|p=277}}; {{harv|شلش|2023|p=568}}; {{harv|Kubic|2017|p=145}}; {{harv|Abu-Jaber|1968|p=13}}; {{harv|Bowett and Petersen|1971|p=20}}; {{harv|Medzini|2020|p=134}}; {{harv|Knorr and Morgan|p=135}}; {{harv|Gat|2005|p=611}}; {{harv|Aronson|2000|p=92}}; {{harv|Levitan|2025|p=8}}; {{harv|Sicker|2001|p=222–223}}; {{harv|Harris|1983|p=312}}; {{harv|Shalom|2008|p=381}}; {{harv|Sandler and Hartley|2003|p=370}}; {{harv|Gat|2013|p=615}}; {{harv|Gluska|2007|p=153}}; {{harv|Evron|2005|p=44}}; {{harv|Aronson|2010|p=338}}; {{harv|Affairs|1967|p=58}}; {{harv|Rikhye|2013|p=80}}; {{harv|Gelpi|2010|p=141}}; {{harv|Govrin|2013|p=313}}; {{harv|Hay|2012|p=69}}; {{harv|Rabinovich|2009|p=21}}; {{harv|Hinnebusch|2015}}; {{harv|Sandler|2017|p=100}}; {{harv|Relations|1975|p=8–9}}; {{harv|Teveth|1969|p=19}}; {{harv|Hammond and Alexander|1972|p=149}}; {{harv|Bar-Siman-Tov|1987|p=97}}; {{harv|Sela|2002|p=284}}; {{harv|Arad and Smernoff|1975}}; {{harv||2007}}</ref> an act or situation provoking or justifying war. It was seen as the “decisive act that made war inevitable”.<ref>{{harv|Morris|1999|p=306}}</ref> Nasser, in his speech on May 29,  went even further with this act that already legally justified war, and stated that the issue was Israel’s “existence,” not merely the Straits of Tiran.<ref>{{harv|Morris|1999|p=306}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Biliography ==

* {{cite journal |journal= External Affairs Review|url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/External_Affairs_Review/8Oc1AQAAIAAJ?hl=en |title=External Affairs Review |vauthors=((Affairs, N. Z. D. of E.)) |date=1967 |publisher=Department of External Affairs}}
* {{cite book |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Arab_World/o54eAAAAMAAJ?hl=en |title=The Arab World |vauthors=((Abu-Jaber, K.)) |date=1968 |publisher=Arab Information Center}} 
* {{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/20211125_20211125_1509 |title=نظرية الأمن القومي العربي والتطور المعاصر للتعامل الدولي في منطقة الشرق الأوسط |vauthors=((ربيع, د. ح.)) |date=1 August 1983 |publisher=مركز الحضارة للدراسات والبحوث}}
* {{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/DTIC_ADA028479 |title=American Security and the International Energy Situation: Final Report |vauthors=((Arad, U. B.)), ((Smernoff, B. J.)) |date=1975 |publisher=National Technical Information Service}}
* {{cite book |url=https://www.routledge.com/De-Gaulle-Israel-and-the-Jews/Aron/p/book/9780765809254 |title=De Gaulle, Israel, and the Jews |vauthors=((Aron, R.)) |date=30 June 2002 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-7658-0925-4}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Aronson |first=Shlomo |date=May 2000 |title=Israel's nuclear programme, the six day war and its ramifications |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13537120008719573 |journal=Israel Affairs |language=en |volume=6 |issue=3-4 |pages=83–95 |doi=10.1080/13537120008719573 |issn=1353-7121}}
* {{Cite book |last=Aronson |first=Shlomo |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/9780511762437/type/book |title=David Ben-Gurion and the Jewish Renaissance |date=2010-11-01 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-19748-9 |edition=1 |translator-last=Greenwood |translator-first=Naftali |doi=10.1017/cbo9780511762437}}
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* {{cite book |last=Petersen |first=Kristen |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Proposal_for_Establishment_of_an_Interna/aW8nAQAAMAAJ |title=Proposal for Establishment of an International Council for Research and Information on Conflicts |last2=Bowett |first2=Derek |date= |publisher=Statens Trykningskontor |year=1971 |isbn=978-87-503-1059-4}} (Originally published by Northwestern University)
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* {{citation |url=http://archive.org/details/DTIC_ADA307410 |title=Six Days in 1967 ... operational art in the Sinai. |publisher=Defense Technical Information Center |date=12 February 1996}}
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* <ref>{{Cite journal |date=2014-06-03 |title=Israel's Nuclear Dilemma (Routledge Revivals) |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/mono/10.4324/9781315823393/israel-nuclear-dilemma-routledge-revivals-yair-evron |journal=Taylor & Francis |language=en |doi=10.4324/9781315823393/israel-nuclear-dilemma-routledge-revivals-yair-evron |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20240808000538/https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/mono/10.4324/9781315823393/israel-nuclear-dilemma-routledge-revivals-yair-evron |archive-date=2024-08-08}}</ref>
* <ref>{{Cite book |last=Ferris |first=Jesse |url=https://press.princeton.edu/books/hardcover/9780691155142/nassers-gamble |title=Nasser's Gamble: How Intervention in Yemen Caused the Six-Day War and the Decline of Egyptian Power |date=2012 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0-691-16343-7 |location=Princeton}}</ref>
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* <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gat |first=Moshe |date=December 2005 |title=Nasser and the Six Day War, 5 June 1967: A Premeditated Strategy or An Inexorable Drift to War? |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13537120500233714 |journal=Israel Affairs |language=en |volume=11 |issue=4 |pages=608–635 |doi=10.1080/13537120500233714 |issn=1353-7121}}</ref>
* <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gat |first=Moshe |date=1 October 2013 |title=Anatomy of decline: Anglo-Soviet competition in the Middle East, 1956–67 |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13537121.2013.829610 |journal=Israel Affairs |language=en |volume=19 |issue=4 |pages=603–622 |doi=10.1080/13537121.2013.829610 |issn=1353-7121}}</ref>
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* <ref>{{Cite book |last=Harris |first=D. J. |title=Cases and materials on international law |date=1983 |publisher=Sweet & Maxwell |others=United Nations, International Court of Justice |isbn=978-0-421-29270-3 |edition=3rd |location=London}}</ref>
* <ref>{{Cite book |last=Hay |first=Jeff |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Arab_Israeli_Six_Day_War/zoBmDwAAQBAJ?hl=en |title=The Arab-Israeli Six-Day War |date=2012 |publisher=Greenhaven Publishing LLC |isbn=978-0-7377-6799-5 |series=Perspectives on Modern World History Ser |location=New York, NY}}</ref>
* <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kanovsky |first=E. |date=1968 |title=The Economic Aftermath of the Six Day War |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4324262 |journal=Middle East Journal |volume=22 |issue=2 |pages=131–143 |issn=0026-3141}}</ref>
* {{cite book |last2=Bawley |first2=Dan |date=1968 |last=Kimche |first=David |url=https://archive.org/details/sandstorm0000unse/mode/2up |title=The sandstorm: the Arab-Israeli war of June, 1967: prelude and aftermath |publisher=Stein and Day}}
* {{cite book |vauthors=((Knorr, K. E.)), ((Morgan, P. M.)) |url=https://archive.org/details/strategicmilitar0000unse_s1y5 |title=Strategic Military Surprise: Iniciatives and Opportunities |date=1983 |publisher=Transaction Publishers |isbn=978-1-4128-3521-3}}
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*<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Levitan |first=Nir |date=2025-05-04 |title=In the eye of the storm: Odd Bull and the outbreak of the 1967 war |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13537121.2025.2495411 |journal=Israel Affairs |language=en |publisher= |volume=31 |issue=3 |pages=404–415 |doi=10.1080/13537121.2025.2495411 |issn=1353-7121}}</ref>
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*<{{Cite book |last=Morris |first=Benny |url=https://archive.org/details/righteousvictims0000morr/mode/2up |title=Righteous victims: a history of the Zionist-Arab conflict, 1881-1999 |date=1999 |publisher=Knopf |isbn=978-0-679-42120-7 |edition=1st |location=New York}}
*<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Naor |first=Arye |date=July 2006 |title=Civil–Military Relations and Strategic Goal Setting in the Six Day War |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13537120600744610 |journal=Israel Affairs |language=en |volume=12 |issue=3 |pages=395–411 |doi=10.1080/13537120600744610 |issn=1353-7121}}</ref>
*<ref>{{Cite book |last=Oren |first=Michael B. |url=https://archive.org/details/sixdaysofwarjune0000oren_u3x7 |title=Six days of war: June 1967 and the making of the modern Middle East |date=2002 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-515174-9 |location=Oxford}}</ref>
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*{{cite journal |vauthors=((Shalom, Z.)) |date=1 April 2008 |title=Israel’s Foreign Minister Eban meets President de Gaulle and Prime Minister Wilson on the Eve of the Six Day War |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/13537120801900276 |journal=Israel Affairs |publisher=Routledge |volume=14 |issue=2 |pages=277–287 |doi=10.1080/13537120801900276 |issn=1353-7121 |access-date=9 July 2025}}
*{{cite book |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=e4ttAAAAMAAJ |title=Arab politics, Palestinian nationalism and the Six Day War: the crystallization of Arab strategy and Nasir’s descent to war, 1957-1967 |vauthors=((Shemesh, M.)) |date=2008 |publisher=Sussex Academic Press |isbn=978-1-83624-047-1}}
*{{cite book |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Iron_Wall_Israel_and_the_Arab_World/qgi5BAAAQBAJ |title=The iron wall: Israel and the Arab world |vauthors=((Shlaim, A.)) |date=2014 |publisher=W.W. Norton & Company |isbn=978-0-393-34686-2 |edition=Second}}
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*{{cite book |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Industry_of_Lies/9fWpswEACAAJ?hl=en |title=Industry of lies: media, academia, and the Israeli-Arab conflict |vauthors=((Yemini, B.-D.)) |date=2017 |publisher=Institute for the Study of Global Antisemitism and Policy |isbn=978-1-9790-6143-8}}
*{{cite book |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781032686561 |title=The Legal Case for Palestine: A Critical Assessment |vauthors=((Zipperstein, S. E.)) |date=31 July 2024 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-040-09178-4}}
*{{cite book |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A/t7MVAQAAMAAJ?hl=en |title=الصراع المائي: الأبعاد الكاملة للصراع حول الماء بين العرب و إسرائيل : الداقع د المستقبل |vauthors=((أحمد, ر. س.)) |date=1993 |publisher=دار الهدا، |isbn=978-977-5340-04-7}}
*{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/1973_20240807/page/n11/mode/2up |title=مذكرات الجمسي: حرب اكتوبر 1973 |vauthors=((جمسي, م. ع. ا.)) |date=1990 |publisher=المانشورات الشرقية |edition=الطبعة 1}}
*{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/noor-book.com_202204 |title=شاهد على حرب 67 |vauthors=((حديدي, ص. ا.)) |date=1974 |publisher=دار الشروق}}
*{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/20211125_20211125_1509 |title=نظرية الأمن القومي العربي والتطور المعاصر للتعامل الدولي في منطقة الشرق الأوسط |vauthors=((ربيع, د. ح.)) |date=1 August 1983 |publisher=مركز الحضارة للدراسات والبحوث}}
*{{cite book |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A/t7MVAQAAMAAJ?hl=en |title=الصراع المائي: الأبعاد الكاملة للصراع حول الماء بين العرب وإسرائيل : الواقع والمستقبل |vauthors=رفعت سيد أحمد., أحمد، رفعت سيد. |date=1993 |publisher=دار الهدى، |edition=الطبعة 1}}
*{{cite book |url=https://www.dohainstitute.org/ar/BooksAndJournals/Pages/an-ephemeral-event-nablus-under-occupation-1967-1969-memoir-and-documents-of-hamdi-taher-kanaan.aspx |title=شيءٌ عابر...: نابلس تحت الاحتلال (حزيران/ يونيو 1967 - آذار/ مارس 1969) - مذكرات ووثائق حمدي طاهر كنعان |vauthors=((شلش, ب. م.)) |date=2023 |publisher=المركز العربي للأبحاث ودراسة السياسات |isbn=978-614-445-553-1}}
*{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/noor-book.com_202204 |title=شاهد على حرب اليمن |vauthors=صلاح الدين حديدي., حديدي، صلاح الدين. |date=1984 |publisher=مكتبة مدبولي، |isbn=978-977-13-3028-8 |edition=الطبعة 1}}
*{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/hamlaenglish_gmail_20180319_1336/mode/2up |title=حرب الثلاث سنوات، 1967/1970 :‏ ‏مذكرات الفريق أول محمد فوزي، وزير الحربية الأسبق |vauthors=((فوزي, م.)) |date=1983 |publisher=‏دار المستقبل العربي |edition=الطبعة 1}}
*{{cite book |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3/8YZtAAAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0&bsq=%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%85%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%AD%20%D9%81%D9%8A%20%D8%A3%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%87%20%D9%88%D8%A3%D9%87%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%87 |title=السلم الإسرائيلي المسلح في أساسه وأهدافه |vauthors=كميل حبيب. |date=2002 |publisher=المؤسسة الحديثة للكتاب}}
*{{cite book |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%82_%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%AC%D9%8A_%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD/LmmBjgEACAAJ?hl=en |title=الفريق مرتجي يروي الحقائق: قائد جبهة سيناء في حرب 1967 |vauthors=((مرتجي, ع. ا. ك.)) |date=1976 |publisher=الوطن العربي}}
*{{cite book |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A9_%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A8_%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86/TU9_QgAACAAJ?hl=en |title=اعترافات قادة حرب يونيو : نصوص شهاداتهم امام لجنة تسجيل تاريخ الثورة |vauthors=((مظهر, س.)) |date=1990 |publisher=دار الحرية للصحافة والطباعة والنشر}}
*{{cite encyclopedia |year=2007 |title=The Sinai Campaign and after |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Judaica |publisher=Macmillan Reference US |url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopaedia-judaica-v.-09-her-int/Encyclopaedia%20Judaica%2C%20v.%2002%20%28Alr-Az%29_2/ |edition=Second |volume=10 |pages= |isbn=978-0-02-865928-2}}