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| == The Causes of The War ==
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| === Egypt’s Expulsion of UN Peacekeepers ===
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| On May 16, 1967, Nasser demanded withdrawal of UN peacekeepers.<ref>{{harv|Gat|2005|p=608}}</ref> At first, the United Nations interpreted the demand as one that didn’t require a complete withdrawal from Sinai, but only from strategic points along the border.<ref>{{harv|Shalom|2008|p=278}}</ref> In order to clarify, they had a few meetings with Egyptian officials. Despite that, it remained unclear what was the peacekeeping force demanded to do.<ref>{{harv|Yost|1968|p=311}}; {{harv|Shalom|2008|p=278}}</ref> On May 18, the Egyptian foreign minister, Mahmud Riad, clarified to the UN secretary-general (General U Thant) that “Egypt was determined to terminate the presence of the UNEF in Sinai and the Gaza strip”.<ref>{{harv|Shalom|2008|p=278}}</ref> General Thant quickly acceded to this demand, and UNEF withdrew by May 20-21.<ref>{{harv|Morris|1999|p=306}}; {{harv|Segev|2007|p=227}}</ref> This withdrawal “fatally undermined the order that had assured relative tranquility for a decade”<ref>{{harv|Morris|1999|p=302}}</ref> and posed a “strategic threat to Israel”.
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| === Egypt’s blockade of the straits of Tiran ===
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| Around noon on May 22, Nasser announced that Egypt would close the Straits of Tiran to “all ships flying Israeli flags or carrying strategic materials” to Eilat.<ref>{{harv|Morris|1999|p=306}}; {{harv|Popp|2006|p=285}}; {{harv|Yemini|2017|p=249}}</ref> Those “strategic goods” included, amongst other things, oil shipments from Iran, which constituted 90% of Israel’s overall oil supply.<ref>{{harv|Shlaim|Louis|2012|p=224}}</ref> The blockade prevented all oil shipments from arriving.<ref>{{harv|Shlaim|Louis|2012|p=27}}</ref> This move was widely regarded by Israel, the US and the “international community” as a '''casus belli'''<ref>{{harv|Bregman|2016|p=393}}; {{harv|Mattar|2005|p=31}}; {{harv|Morris|1999|p=306}}; {{harv|Fraser|2018|p=81}}; {{harv|Cattan|1969|p=103}}; {{harv|Zipperstein|2024|p=272}}; {{harv|ربيع|2022|p=296}}; {{harv|Barker|2023|p=18}}; {{harv|حبيب|2002|p=132}}; {{harv|أحمد|1993|p=62}}; {{harv|Shemesh|2008|p=118}}; {{harv|Ruys|2010|p=277}}; {{harv|شلش|2023|p=568}}; {{harv|Kubic|2017|p=145}}; {{harv|Abu-Jaber|1968|p=13}}; {{harv|Petersen|Bowett|1971|p=20}}; {{harv|Medzini|2020|p=134}}; {{harv|Knorr|Morgan|p=135}}; {{harv|Gat|2005|p=611}}; {{harv|Aronson|2000|p=92}}; {{harv|Levitan|2025|p=8}}; {{harv|Harris|1983|p=312}}; {{harv|Shalom|2008|p=381}}; {{harv|Sandler|Hartley|2003|p=370}}; {{harv|Gat|2013|p=615}}; {{harv|Gluska|2007|p=153}}; {{harv|Evron|2005|p=44}}; {{harv|Aronson|2010|p=338}}; {{harv|Affairs|1967|p=58}}; {{harv|Rikhye|2013|p=80}}; {{harv|Gelpi|2010|p=141}}; {{harv|Govrin|2013|p=313}}; {{harv|Hay|2012|p=69}}; {{harv|Rabinovich|2009|p=21}}; {{harv|Hinnebusch|2015}}; {{harv|Sandler|2017|p=100}}; {{harv|Relations|1975|p=8–9}}; {{harv|Teveth|1969|p=19}}; {{harv|Hammond|Alexander|1972|p=149}}; {{harv|Bar-Siman-Tov|1987|p=97}}; {{harv|Sela|2002|p=284}}; {{harv|Arad|Smernoff|1975}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |year=2007 |title=The Sinai Campaign and after |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Judaica |publisher=Macmillan Reference US |url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopaedia-judaica-v.-09-her-int/Encyclopaedia%20Judaica%2C%20v.%2002%20%28Alr-Az%29_2/ |edition=Second |volume=10 |pages= |isbn=978-0-02-865928-2}}</ref> an act or situation provoking or justifying war. It was seen as the “decisive act that made war inevitable”.<ref>{{harv|Morris|1999|p=306}}</ref> Nasser, in his speech on May 29, went even further with this act that already legally justified war, and stated that the issue was Israel’s “existence,” not merely the Straits of Tiran.<ref>{{harv|Morris|1999|p=306}}</ref>
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| === Egypt’s Massive Troop Movements and Alliances ===
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| Starting May 14, Egyptian divisions, totaling approximately 100,000 troops with 800-900 tanks and over 700 artillery pieces, were deployed along the border with Israel.<ref>{{harv|Morris|1999|p=302}}</ref> This significant buildup, compared to less than one division previously,<ref>{{harv|Gat|2005|p=617}}</ref> represented a major strategic challenge and forced Israel to mobilize a lot of reserve units.<ref>{{harv|Gat|2005|p=617}}</ref> Back in November 1966, Egypt entered into a bilateral defense treaty with Syria. Four days before Israel eventually decided to launch the war, Egypt signed a similar defense agreement with Jordan. Following the agreement, on the next day, Jordan allowed Iraqi troops to deploy in Jordan, creating a seemingly united Arab front against Israel.<ref>{{harv|Morris|1999|p=309}}</ref>
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| === The Economic Burden ===
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| Due to Egypt’s escalations, specially the massive deployment, Israel was forced to mobilize a large number reserve units, indefinitely disrupting its economy.<ref>{{harv|Morris|1999|p=309}}</ref> In the Arab states, mobilization involves a tiny fraction of the labor force.<ref>{{harv|Kanovsky|1968|p=135}}</ref> In Israel, due to its much smaller population, one in four workers were mobilized and could not work.<ref>{{harv|Kanovsky|1968|p=135}}</ref> It is needless to stress just how much strain and stress this placed on the Israeli economy, and as a consequence, on the government, to solve the situation.
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| == Egypt ==
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| Nasser knew. He knew the soviet warnings of troop concentration near Syria are false. Here are everyone who told him so:
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| # United Nations Truce Supervision Organization (UNTSO) reports: General Odd Bull, who was the Head of the UNTSO, issued a memorandum to the UN Secretary-General, U Thant, which unequivocally stated that there was no evidence of Israeli force concentrations on either side of the Israeli-Syrian border.<ref>{{harv|Gat|2003|p=187}}; {{harv|Gat|2005|p=620}}</ref> UN Secretary-General U Thant said “Reports from UNTSO observers have confirmed the absence of troop concentrations and significant troop movements on both sides of the line”<ref>{{harv|Yost|1968|p=309}}</ref>
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| # American military intelligence: Lieutenant Commander L.P. Blasch, the American military attaché stationed in northern Israel, reported that “We have no reports, thus far, of any buildup”.<ref>{{harv|Bull|1976|p=104}}</ref> Nasser knew about this report<ref>{{harv|Yost|1968|p=309}}</ref>
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| # Egyptian Chief of Staff's direct observation and report: General Mouhamad Fawzi, the Egyptian Chief of Staff, was sent to Damascus to verify persistent Syrian complaints about Israeli troop concentrations. Fawzi closely studied aerial photos of the border with Syrian Chief of Staff Ahmad Suweidani<ref>{{harv|Oren|2002|p=64}}</ref> and personally surveyed the border<ref>{{harv|Morris|1999|p=305}}; {{harv|Oren|2002|p=64}}</ref> and found no sign of IDF concentrations anywhere. He later recalled “I did not find any concrete evidence to support the information received. On the contrary, aerial photographs taken by Syrian reconnaissance on 12 and 13 May showed no change in normal [Israeli] military positions”.<ref>{{harv|El-Gamasy|1993|p=23}}</ref> Upon his return, Fawzi reported directly to Nasser “There is nothing there. No massing of forces. Nothing.”<ref>{{harv|مظهر|1990|p=110}}</ref>
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| # Chief of Egypt’s military intelligence assessment: Chief of Egypt’s military intelligence, Lt. Gen. Muhammad Ahmad Sadiq, who sent several Israeli Arabs to reconnoiter Northern Galilee said “There are no force concentrations. Nor is there justification, tactical or strategic, for such concentrations.”<ref>{{harv|Oren|2002|p=64}}</ref>
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| == Syria ==
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| === Rising Tensions on the Syrian Front ===
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| Following the Ba’athist military coup in February 1966, a radical regime rose to power in Damascus.<ref>{{harv|Seale|McConville|1990}}</ref> This government pursued a doctrine of continuous warfare against Israel, advocating guerrilla tactics as a means of circumventing the limitations of conventional Arab armies.<ref>{{harv|Eban|1977|p=312}}</ref> Syrian Defense Minister Hafez al-Assad exemplified this militant rhetoric, declaring that Syria intended “to saturate this earth with your [Israeli] blood, to throw you into the sea”.<ref>{{harv|Laqueur|1969|p=59}}</ref>
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| Throughout 1966 and into 1967, Syrian artillery emplacements in the Golan Heights routinely shelled Israeli communities in the Galilee, including Dan, Dafna, and Sha'ar Yishuv.<ref>{{harv|Eban|1977|p=421}}</ref> A further Syrian advance of just five kilometers would have brought key Israeli roads to Safed and Haifa under threat, placing much of the Upper Galilee and Jordan Valley within artillery range.<ref>{{harv|Eban|1977|p=421}}; {{harv|Gat|2003|p=82}}</ref> British officials acknowledged Syria’s “clear topographical advantage,” warning that Israeli kibbutzim were “sitting ducks” on the plains below Syrian gun positions, and that only large-scale action, or an air strike, could neutralize the threat.<ref>{{harv|Gat|2003|p=82}}</ref>
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| As the situation deteriorated, Syria intensified shooting and mining activities against Israeli cultivation plots in the demilitarized zones. Employing tank fire and small arms, Syrian forces targeted Israeli tractors and foot patrols and even attempted to introduce shepherds and flocks into these areas to establish new facts on the ground. In two major incidents in January 1967, Israeli tanks destroyed three Syrian tanks during clashes. IDF Chief of Staff Yitzhak Rabin blamed Damascus for these escalations and accused it of severing communication channels with UNTSO, leaving little room for mediation. Rabin made clear that Israel would continue cultivating the contested lands despite Syrian aggression, which he interpreted as a deliberate attempt to destabilize the region.
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| Tensions on the Syrian front were fueled in part by disputes over water resources. Israel’s National Water Carrier, completed in 1964, diverted water from the Sea of Galilee to the Negev desert, an essential project for expanding Israeli agriculture and settlement in arid regions. Roughly half of the Jordan River’s waters come from the Banias and Hazbani rivers flowing from Syria and Lebanon, and the other half from the Dan River within Israel. Control over these sources was crucial; former Mekorot director and Prime Minister Levi Eshkol emphasized that without water, there could be no agriculture, and without agriculture, the Zionist vision for a sustainable Jewish state could not be realized.<ref>{{harv|Shlaim|2014|p=243}}</ref>
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| Syria sought to undermine Israel’s vital water supply by attempting to divert the Jordan River’s headwaters within its territory. When Israeli patrols operated near Kibbutz Dan to protect water sources, Syrian forces opened fire, leading to repeated confrontations. These clashes escalated to artillery, tank fire, and ultimately Israeli air strikes. Syria’s aggressive actions over water resources significantly increased tensions and compelled Israel to defend its critical water infrastructure.<ref>{{harv|Morris|1999|p=303}}; {{harv|Shlaim|2014|p=243}}</ref>
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| === Support for Palestinian Guerrilla Activities ===
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| The radical Ba'athist regime openly advocated a "war of liberation" and actively supported Palestinian guerrilla activities and raids into Israel.<ref>{{harv|Shlaim|2014|p=243}}</ref> Syrian leaders, including Dr. Nureddin al-Atassi, Syria’s figurehead president, Syria’s minister of defense, Hafez al Asad, and minister of propaganda, Mouhamed al Zuebi, publicly committed to a "popular war of liberation" to "destroy the Zionist entity" and expel the "Zionist invader".<ref>{{harv|Oren|2017|p=27–28}}; {{harv|Gat|2003|p=182}}</ref> The Syrian regime openly supported Fatah and other fedayeen groups, providing bases, training, and weapons.<ref>{{harv|Morris|1999|p=303}}</ref>
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| The Syrian government publicly embraced and encouraged "sabotage operations and acts of terrorism, including the sowing of mines," declaring them "legitimate activities" and asserting it had "no intention of doing anything to stop them". On the contrary, Syria vowed to "encourage and promote all such action".<ref>{{harv|Gat|2003|p=155}}</ref> Syrian Prime Minister Yusuf Zuyin explicitly stated that Syria was "not the guardian of Israel's security" and would "do nothing to prevent the Palestinian Liberation Movement from carrying out its activities". Moreover, Zuyin warned, if Israel dared to take any action in response, Syria would turn the region into a battlefield.<ref>{{harv|Gat|2003|p=155}}</ref>
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| == References ==
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| {{reflist}}
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|
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| == Biliography ==
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| * {{Cite book |last=Affairs |first=New Zealand Department of External |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/External_Affairs_Review/8Oc1AQAAIAAJ?hl=en |title=External Affairs Review |date=1967 |publisher=Department of External Affairs |language=en}}
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| * {{cite book |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Arab_World/kbEMAQAAMAAJ?hl=en |title=The Arab World |first1= Kamel |last1= Abu-Jaber |date=1968 |publisher=Arab Information Center}}
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| * {{Cite book |last=Jamasī |first=Muḥammad ʻAbd al-Ghanī |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_October_War/jYVtAAAAMAAJ?hl=en |title=The October war: memoirs of Field Marshal El-Gamasy of Egypt |date=1993 |publisher=American University in Cairo Press |isbn=978-977-424-316-5 |location=Cairo, Egypt}}
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| * {{Cite book |last=ربيع |first=د حامد |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%85%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D9%88%D9%85%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84/uMelEAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0 |title=نظرية الأمن القومي العربي والتطور المعاصر للتعامل الدولي في منطقة الشرق الأوسط |publisher=مركز الحضارة للدراسات والبحوث |year= 2022| language=ar}}
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| * {{Cite book |last=Arad |first=Uzi B. |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/American_Security_and_the_International/54DtAAAAMAAJ?hl=en |title=American Security and the International Energy Situation: Final Report |last2=Smernoff |first2=Barry J. |date=1975 |publisher=National Technical Information Service |language=en}}
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| * {{Cite journal |last=Yost |first=Charles W. |date=1968 |title=How It Began |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2307/20039302?origin=crossref |journal=Foreign Affairs |language=en |volume=46 |issue=2 |pages=304 |doi=10.2307/20039302 |jstor=20039302}}
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| * {{Cite journal |last=Aronson |first=Shlomo |date=May 2000 |title=Israel's nuclear programme, the six day war and its ramifications |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13537120008719573 |journal=Israel Affairs |language=en |volume=6 |issue=3-4 |pages=83–95 |doi=10.1080/13537120008719573 |issn=1353-7121}}
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| * {{Cite book |last=Aronson |first=Shlomo |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/9780511762437/type/book |title=David Ben-Gurion and the Jewish Renaissance |date=2010-11-01 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-19748-9 |edition=1 |translator-last=Greenwood |translator-first=Naftali |doi=10.1017/cbo9780511762437}}
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| * {{Cite book |last=Barker |first=Anthony J. |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/US_Foreign_Service_Women_in_the_Middle_E/JpjrEAAAQBAJ |title=US Foreign Service Women in the Middle East and Islamic North Africa, 1945-2001 |date=2023 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |isbn=978-3-031-46756-1 |edition=1st |location=Cham}}
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| * {{Cite book |last=Bar-Siman-Tov |first=Yaacov |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Israel_the_Superpowers_and_the_War_in_th/fZ1tAAAAMAAJ?hl=en |title=Israel, the Superpowers, and the War in the Middle East |date=1987 |publisher=Praeger |isbn=978-0-275-92396-9 |language=en}}
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| * {{cite book |last=Petersen |first=Kristen |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Proposal_for_Establishment_of_an_Interna/aW8nAQAAMAAJ |title=Proposal for Establishment of an International Council for Research and Information on Conflicts |last2=Bowett |first2=Derek |date= |publisher=Statens Trykningskontor |year=1971 |isbn=978-87-503-1059-4}} (Originally published by Northwestern University)
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| * {{Cite book |last=Bregman |first=Ahron |title=Israel's wars: a history since 1947 |date=2016 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-29637-9 |edition=4th |url= https://www.google.com/books/edition/Israel_s_Wars/-HpwCwAAQBAJ?hl=en |location=Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon New York, N.Y}}
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| * {{Cite book |last=Cattan |first=Henry |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_582780004 |title=Palestine, the Arabs and Israel: the search for justice |date=1969 |publisher=Longmans |isbn=978-0-582-78000-2 |location=London}}
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| * {{Cite book |last=Dayan |first=Moshe |url=https://archive.org/details/moshedayanstoryo00daya |title=Moshe Dayan: story of my life |date=1976 |publisher=Morrow |isbn=978-0-688-03076-6 |location=New York}}
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| * {{citation |url=http://archive.org/details/DTIC_ADA307410 |title=Six Days in 1967 ... operational art in the Sinai. |publisher=Defense Technical Information Center |date=12 February 1996}}
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| * {{Cite book |last=Eban |first=Abba Solomon |url=https://archive.org/details/abbaebanautobiog00ebanrich |title=Abba Eban: an autobiography |date=1977 |publisher=Random House |isbn=978-0-394-49302-2 |edition=1st |location=New York}}
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| * {{Cite book |last=Evron |first=Yair |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781317831747 |title=Israel's Nuclear Dilemma (Routledge Revivals) |date=2014-06-03 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-83174-7 |edition=0 |language=en |doi=10.4324/9781315823393}}
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| * {{Cite book |last=Ferris |first=Jesse |url=https://press.princeton.edu/books/hardcover/9780691155142/nassers-gamble |title=Nasser's Gamble: How Intervention in Yemen Caused the Six-Day War and the Decline of Egyptian Power |date=2012 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0-691-16343-7 |location=Princeton}}
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| * {{Cite book |last=Fraser |first=Thomas |title=The Arab-Israeli Conflict |date=2018 |publisher=Bloomsbury Academic |isbn=978-1-137-38745-5 |edition=1st |location=London}}
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| * {{Cite journal |last=Gat |first=Moshe |date=December 2005 |title=Nasser and the Six Day War, 5 June 1967: A Premeditated Strategy or An Inexorable Drift to War? |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13537120500233714 |journal=Israel Affairs |language=en |volume=11 |issue=4 |pages=608–635 |doi=10.1080/13537120500233714 |issn=1353-7121}}
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| * {{Cite journal |last=Gat |first=Moshe |date=1 October 2013 |title=Anatomy of decline: Anglo-Soviet competition in the Middle East, 1956–67 |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13537121.2013.829610 |journal=Israel Affairs |language=en |volume=19 |issue=4 |pages=603–622 |doi=10.1080/13537121.2013.829610 |issn=1353-7121}
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| * {{Cite book |last=Gelpi |first=Christopher |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Power_of_Legitimacy/eOo9DwAAQBAJ?hl=en |title=The Power of Legitimacy: Assessing the Role of Norms in Crisis Bargaining |date=2010-01-10 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0-691-14671-3 |language=en}}
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| * {{Cite book |last=Gluska |first=Ami |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781134163779 |title=The Israeli Military and the Origins of the 1967 War |date=2007-02-12 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-16377-9 |edition=1st |language=en |doi=10.4324/9780203965962}}
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| * {{Cite journal |last=Goldstein |first=Yossi |date=2018-09-03 |title=The Six Day War: the war that no one wanted |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13537121.2018.1505475 |journal=Israel Affairs |language=en |volume=24 |issue=5 |pages=767–784 |doi=10.1080/13537121.2018.1505475 |issn=1353-7121}}
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| * {{Cite book |last=Govrin |first=Yosef |title=Israeli-Soviet Relations, 1953-1967: From Confrontation to Disruption |date=2013 |publisher=Taylor and Francis |isbn=978-1-135-25662-3 |series=Cummings Center Series |location=Hoboken}}
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| * {{Cite book |last=Hammond |first=Paul Y. |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Political_Dynamics_in_the_Middle_East/DGVtAAAAMAAJ?hl=en |title=Political Dynamics in the Middle East |last2=Alexander |first2=Sidney Stuart |date=1972 |publisher=American Elsevier Publishing Company |isbn=978-0-444-00110-8 |language=en}}
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| * {{Cite book |last=Harris |first=David John |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Cases_and_Materials_on_International_Law/hMmPAAAAMAAJ?hl=en |title=Cases and Materials on International Law |date=1983 |publisher=Sweet & Maxwell |isbn=978-0-421-29270-3 |language=en}}
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| * {{Cite book |last=Hay |first=Jeff |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Arab_Israeli_Six_Day_War/zoBmDwAAQBAJ?hl=en |title=The Arab-Israeli Six-Day War |date=2012 |publisher=Greenhaven Publishing LLC |isbn=978-0-7377-6799-5 |series=Perspectives on Modern World History Ser |location=New York, NY}}
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| * {{Cite journal |last=Kanovsky |first=E. |date=1968 |title=The Economic Aftermath of the Six Day War |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4324262 |journal=Middle East Journal |volume=22 |issue=2 |pages=131–143 |issn=0026-3141}}
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| * {{cite book |last2=Bawley |first2=Dan |date=1968 |last=Kimche |first=David |url=https://archive.org/details/sandstorm0000unse/mode/2up |title=The sandstorm: the Arab-Israeli war of June, 1967: prelude and aftermath |publisher=Stein and Day}}
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| * {{Cite book |last=Knorr |first=Klaus Eugen |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Strategic_Military_Surprise/kiVTaqn_Zx4C?hl |title=Strategic Military Surprise: Iniciatives and Opportunities |last2=Morgan |first2=Patrick M. |publisher=Transaction Publishers |isbn=978-1-4128-3521-3 |language=en}}
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| * {{Cite book |last=Kubic |first=Milan J. |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/From_Prague_to_Jerusalem/_gLntAEACAAJ?hl=en |title=From Prague to Jerusalem: An Uncommon Journey of a Journalist |date=2017 |publisher=Northern Illinois University Press |isbn=978-0-87580-764-5 |language=en}}
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| * {{Cite book |last=Lall |first=Arthur Samuel |url=https://archive.org/details/unmiddleeastcris0000lall_a7c1 |title=The UN and the Middle East crisis, 1967 |date=1970 |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=978-0-231-08635-6 |edition= |series=A Columbia paperback, 103 |location=New York}}
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| * {{Cite book |last=Laqueur |first=Walter |url=http://archive.org/details/roadtowar0000unse |title=The Road to War: The Origin and Aftermath of the Arab-Israeli Conflict, 1967/8 |date=1969 |publisher=Penguin |language=en}}
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| * {{cite book |url=https://manchesteruniversitypress.co.uk/9780719095252/ |title=The international politics of the Middle East: Second edition |first1=Raymond |last1= Hinnebusch |date=1 July 2015 |publisher=Manchester University Press |isbn=978-1-78499-202-6}}
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| * {{Cite journal |last=Levitan |first=Nir |date=2025-05-04 |title=In the eye of the storm: Odd Bull and the outbreak of the 1967 war |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13537121.2025.2495411 |journal=Israel Affairs |language=en |publisher= |volume=31 |issue=3 |pages=404–415 |doi=10.1080/13537121.2025.2495411 |issn=1353-7121}}
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| * {{Cite book |last=Mattar |first=Philip |title=Encyclopedia of the Palestinians |date=2005 |publisher=Infobase Publishing |isbn=978-0-8160-6986-6 |location=New York}}
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| * {{Cite book |last=Medzini |first=Meron |url=https://www.bloomsbury.com/us/golda-meir-9781538122884/ |title=Golda Meir: a reference guide to her life and works |date=2020 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=978-1-5381-2288-4 |series=Significant figures in world history |location=Lanham}}
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| * {{Cite book |last=Morris |first=Benny |url=https://archive.org/details/righteousvictims0000morr/mode/2up |title=Righteous victims: a history of the Zionist-Arab conflict, 1881-1999 |date=1999 |publisher=Knopf |isbn=978-0-679-42120-7 |edition=1st |location=New York}}
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| * {{Cite journal |last=Naor |first=Arye |date=July 2006 |title=Civil–Military Relations and Strategic Goal Setting in the Six Day War |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13537120600744610 |journal=Israel Affairs |language=en |volume=12 |issue=3 |pages=395–411 |doi=10.1080/13537120600744610 |issn=1353-7121}}
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| * {{Cite journal |last=Popp |first=Roland |date=2006 |title=Stumbling Decidedly into the Six-Day War |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4330250 |journal=Middle East Journal |volume=60 |issue=2 |pages=281–309 |issn=0026-3141}}
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| * {{Cite book |last=Rabin |first=Yitzhak |url=http://archive.org/details/rabinmemoirs0000rabi_h7u6 |title=The Rabin memoirs |last2=Rabin |first2=Yitzhak |date=1979 |publisher=Little, Brown and Company |others=Herman Wouk Collection (Library of Congress) |isbn=978-0-316-73002-0 |edition=1st English |location=Boston}}
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| * {{Cite book |last=Sādāt |first=Anwar as- |url=https://archive.org/details/insearchofidenti00sada/page/n5/mode/2up |title=In search of identity: an autobiography |date=1978 |publisher=Harper & Row |isbn=978-0-06-013742-7 |edition=1st |location=New York}}
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| * {{Cite book |last=Seale |first=Patrick |url=http://archive.org/details/asadofsyriastrug00seal |title=Asad of Syria: The Struggle for the Middle East |date=1989 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-06667-0 |language=en}}
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| * {{Cite journal |last=Shalom |first=Zaki |date=April 2008 |title=Israel's Foreign Minister Eban meets President de Gaulle and Prime Minister Wilson on the Eve of the Six Day War |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13537120801900276 |journal=Israel Affairs |language=en |volume=14 |issue=2 |pages=277–287 |doi=10.1080/13537120801900276 |issn=1353-7121}}
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| * {{Cite book |last=Shemesh |first=Mosheh |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=e4ttAAAAMAAJ |title=Arab politics, Palestinian nationalism and the Six Day War: the crystallization of Arab strategy and Nasir's descent to war, 1957-1967 |date=2008 |publisher=Sussex Academic Press |isbn=978-1-83624-047-1 |location=Brighton Portland}}
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| * {{Cite book |last=Shlaim |first=Avi |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Iron_Wall_Israel_and_the_Arab_World/qgi5BAAAQBAJ |title=The Iron Wall: Israel and the Arab World (Updated and Expanded) |date=2014-10-20 |publisher=W. W. Norton & Company |isbn=978-0-393-35101-9 |language=en}}
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| * {{Cite book |last=Zipperstein |first=Steven E. |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781032686561 |title=The legal case for Palestine: a critical assessment |date=2024 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-040-09178-4 |series=Ucla center for middle east development (cmed) |location=Abingdon, Oxon [UK] New York, NY}}
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| * {{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/1973_20240807/page/n11/mode/2up |title=مذكرات الجمسي: حرب اكتوبر 1973 |first1 = محمد |last1 = عبد الغني الجمسي |date=1990 |publisher=المانشورات الشرقية |edition=الطبعة 1}}
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| * {{cite book |last=حديدي |first=صلاح الدين |url=https://archive.org/details/noor-book.com_202204 |title=شاهد على حرب اليمن |date=1984 |publisher=مكتبة مدبولي، |isbn=978-977-13-3028-8 |edition=الطبعة 1}}
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| * {{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/hamlaenglish_gmail_20180319_1336/mode/2up |title=حرب الثلاث سنوات، 1967/1970 : مذكرات الفريق أول محمد فوزي، وزير الحربية الأسبق |first1= محمد |last1 = فوزي |date=1983 |publisher=دار المستقبل العربي |edition=الطبعة 1}}
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| * {{Cite book |last=Murtaji |first=ʻAbd al-Muhsin Kamil |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%82_%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%AC%D9%8A_%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD/LmmBjgEACAAJ?hl=en |title=الفريق مرتجي يروي الحقائق: قائد جبهة سيناء في حرب 1967 |date=1976 |publisher=الوطن العربي، |language=ar}}
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| *{{cite encyclopedia |year=2007 |title=The Sinai Campaign and after |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Judaica |publisher=Macmillan Reference US |url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopaedia-judaica-v.-09-her-int/Encyclopaedia%20Judaica%2C%20v.%2002%20%28Alr-Az%29_2/ |edition=Second |volume=10 |pages= |isbn=978-0-02-865928-2}}
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