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Egypt's blockade of the straits of Tiran

Around noon on May 22, Nasser announced that Egypt would close the Straits of Tiran to “all ships flying Israeli flags or carrying strategic materials” to Eilat.^[1] Those “strategic goods” included, amongst other things, oil shipments from Iran, which constituted 90% of Israel’s overall oil supply.^[2] The blockade prevented all oil shipments from arriving.^[3] This move was widely regarded by Israel, the US and the “international community” as a casus belli^[4] an act or situation provoking or justifying war. It was seen as the “decisive act that made war inevitable”.^[5] Nasser, in his speech on May 29, went even further with this act that already legally justified war, and stated that the issue was Israel’s “existence,” not merely the Straits of Tiran.^[6]

References

↑ (Morris 1999, p. 306); (Popp 2006, p. 285); (Yemini 2017, p. 249)
↑ (Shlaim and Louis 2012, p. 224)
↑ (Shlaim and Louis 2012, p. 27)
↑ (Bregman 2016, p. 393); (Mattar 2005, p. 31); (Morris 1999, p. 306); (Fraser 2018, p. 81); (Cattan 1969, p. 103); (Zipperstein 2024, p. 272); (ربيع 1983, p. 296); (Barker 2023, p. 18); (كميل حبيب. 2002, p. 132); (Aron 2002, p. 133); (أحمد 1993, p. 62) harv error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFأحمد1993 (help); (Shemesh 2008, p. 118); (رفعت سيد أحمد. and أحمد، رفعت سيد. 1993, p. 63); (Ruys 2010, p. 277); (شلش 2023, p. 568); (Kubic 2017, p. 145); (Abu-Jaber 1968, p. 13); (Bowett and Petersen 1971, p. 20); (Medzini 2020, p. 134); (Knorr and Morgan, p. 135); (Gat 2005, p. 611); (Aronson 2000, p. 92); (Levitan 2025, p. 8);; (Harris 1983, p. 312); (Shalom 2008, p. 381); (Sandler and Hartley 2003, p. 370); (Gat 2013, p. 615); (Gluska 2007, p. 153); (Evron 2005, p. 44); (Aronson 2010, p. 338); (Affairs 1967, p. 58); (Rikhye 2013, p. 80); (Gelpi 2010, p. 141); (Govrin 2013, p. 313); (Hay 2012, p. 69); (Rabinovich 2009, p. 21); (Hinnebusch 2015); (Sandler 2017, p. 100); (Relations 1975, p. 8–9); (Teveth 1969, p. 19); (Hammond and Alexander 1972, p. 149); (Bar-Siman-Tov 1987, p. 97); (Sela 2002, p. 284); (Arad and Smernoff 1975); ( 2007)
↑ (Morris 1999, p. 306)
↑ (Morris 1999, p. 306)

Biliography

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^[2]
Aron, R. (30 June 2002). De Gaulle, Israel, and the Jews. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-7658-0925-4.
Aronson, Shlomo (May 2000). "Israel's nuclear programme, the six day war and its ramifications". Israel Affairs. 6 (3–4): 83–95. doi:10.1080/13537120008719573. ISSN 1353-7121.
Aronson, Shlomo (2010-11-01). David Ben-Gurion and the Jewish Renaissance. Translated by Greenwood, Naftali (1 ed.). Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/cbo9780511762437. ISBN 978-0-521-19748-9.
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Petersen, Kristen; Bowett, Derek (1971). Proposal for Establishment of an International Council for Research and Information on Conflicts. Statens Trykningskontor. ISBN 978-87-503-1059-4. (Originally published by Northwestern University)
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شلش, ب. م. (2023). شيءٌ عابر...: نابلس تحت الاحتلال (حزيران/ يونيو 1967 - آذار/ مارس 1969) - مذكرات ووثائق حمدي طاهر كنعان. المركز العربي للأبحاث ودراسة السياسات. ISBN 978-614-445-553-1.
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مظهر, س. (1990). اعترافات قادة حرب يونيو : نصوص شهاداتهم امام لجنة تسجيل تاريخ الثورة. دار الحرية للصحافة والطباعة والنشر.
"The Sinai Campaign and after". Encyclopaedia Judaica. Vol. 10 (Second ed.). Macmillan Reference US. 2007. ISBN 978-0-02-865928-2.

↑ Affairs, New Zealand Department of External (1967). External Affairs Review. Department of External Affairs.
↑ Arad, Uzi B.; Smernoff, Barry J. (1975). American Security and the International Energy Situation: Final Report. National Technical Information Service.
↑ Barker, Anthony J. (2023). US Foreign Service Women in the Middle East and Islamic North Africa, 1945-2001 (1st ed.). Cham: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-3-031-46756-1.
↑ "Israel's Nuclear Dilemma (Routledge Revivals)". Taylor & Francis. 2014-06-03. doi:10.4324/9781315823393/israel-nuclear-dilemma-routledge-revivals-yair-evron. Archived from the original on 2024-08-08.
↑ Ferris, Jesse (2012). Nasser's Gamble: How Intervention in Yemen Caused the Six-Day War and the Decline of Egyptian Power. Princeton: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-16343-7.
↑ Gat, Moshe (December 2005). "Nasser and the Six Day War, 5 June 1967: A Premeditated Strategy or An Inexorable Drift to War?". Israel Affairs. 11 (4): 608–635. doi:10.1080/13537120500233714. ISSN 1353-7121.
↑ Gat, Moshe (1 October 2013). "Anatomy of decline: Anglo-Soviet competition in the Middle East, 1956–67". Israel Affairs. 19 (4): 603–622. doi:10.1080/13537121.2013.829610. ISSN 1353-7121.
↑ Gluska, Ami (2007-02-12). The Israeli Military and the Origins of the 1967 War (1st ed.). Routledge. doi:10.4324/9780203965962. ISBN 978-1-134-16377-9.
↑ Goldstein, Yossi (2018-09-03). "The Six Day War: the war that no one wanted". Israel Affairs. 24 (5): 767–784. doi:10.1080/13537121.2018.1505475. ISSN 1353-7121.
↑ Govrin, Yosef (2013). Israeli-Soviet Relations, 1953-1967: From Confrontation to Disruption. Cummings Center Series. Hoboken: Taylor and Francis. ISBN 978-1-135-25662-3.
↑ Hammond, Paul Y.; Alexander, Sidney S., eds. (1972). Political dynamics in the Middle East. The Middle East: Economic and political problems and prospects. New York: American Elsevier Pub. Co. ISBN 978-0-444-00110-8.
↑ Harris, D. J. (1983). Cases and materials on international law. United Nations, International Court of Justice (3rd ed.). London: Sweet & Maxwell. ISBN 978-0-421-29270-3.
↑ Hay, Jeff (2012). The Arab-Israeli Six-Day War. Perspectives on Modern World History Ser. New York, NY: Greenhaven Publishing LLC. ISBN 978-0-7377-6799-5.
↑ Kanovsky, E. (1968). "The Economic Aftermath of the Six Day War". Middle East Journal. 22 (2): 131–143. ISSN 0026-3141.
↑ Kubic, Milan J. (2017). From Prague to Jerusalem: An Uncommon Journey of a Journalist. Northern Illinois University Press. ISBN 978-0-87580-764-5.
↑ Lall, Arthur Samuel (1970). The UN and the Middle East crisis, 1967. A Columbia paperback, 103. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-08635-6.
↑ Levitan, Nir (2025-05-04). "In the eye of the storm: Odd Bull and the outbreak of the 1967 war". Israel Affairs. 31 (3): 404–415. doi:10.1080/13537121.2025.2495411. ISSN 1353-7121.
↑ Mattar, Philip (2005). Encyclopedia of the Palestinians. New York: Infobase Publishing. ISBN 978-0-8160-6986-6.
↑ Medzini, Meron (2020). Golda Meir: a reference guide to her life and works. Significant figures in world history. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-1-5381-2288-4.
↑ Naor, Arye (July 2006). "Civil–Military Relations and Strategic Goal Setting in the Six Day War". Israel Affairs. 12 (3): 395–411. doi:10.1080/13537120600744610. ISSN 1353-7121.
↑ Oren, Michael B. (2002). Six days of war: June 1967 and the making of the modern Middle East. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-515174-9.
↑ Popp, Roland (2006). "Stumbling Decidedly into the Six-Day War". Middle East Journal. 60 (2): 281–309. ISSN 0026-3141.
↑ Rabin, Yitzhak; Rabin, Yitzhak (1979). The Rabin memoirs. Herman Wouk Collection (Library of Congress) (1st English ed.). Boston: Little, Brown and Company. ISBN 978-0-316-73002-0.
↑ Rabinovits, Itamar (1999). The brink of peace: the Israeli-Syrian negotiations. Princeton, New Jersey Chichester, West Sussex: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-1-4008-2265-2.
↑ Relations, Universiṭah ha-ʻIvrit bi-Yerushalayim Leonard Davis Institute for International (1975). Jerusalem Papers on Peace Problems.
↑ Rikhye, Major General Indar Jit (2013). The Sinai Blunder: Withdrawal of the United Nations Emergency Force Leading. Hoboken: Taylor and Francis. ISBN 978-1-136-27978-2.
↑ Rodman, David (March 2000). "Patterns of war initiation in the Arab‐Israeli conflict: A note on the military dimension". Israel Affairs. 6 (3–4): 115–128. doi:10.1080/13537120008719575. ISSN 1353-7121.
↑ Ruys, Tom (2010-11-25). 'Armed Attack' and Article 51 of the UN Charter: Evolutions in Customary Law and Practice. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-139-49483-0.
↑ Sādāt, Anwar as- (1978). In search of identity: an autobiography (1st ed.). New York: Harper & Row. ISBN 978-0-06-013742-7.
↑ "The Jewish Origins of Israeli Foreign Policy : A Study in Tradition and Survival". Taylor & Francis. 2017-09-18. doi:10.4324/9781315194998/jewish-origins-israeli-foreign-policy-shmuel-sandler. Archived from the original on 2024-06-06.
↑ Sandler, Todd; Hartley, Keith, eds. (2003). The economics of conflict. The international library of critical writings in economics. Cheltenham, UK ; Northhampton, MA: Edward Elgar. ISBN 978-1-84064-782-2.
↑ Seale, Patrick (1989). Asad of Syria: The Struggle for the Middle East. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-06667-0.
↑ Śegev, Tom (2007). 1967: Israel, the war, and the year that transformed the Middle East (1st American ed.). New York, NY: Metropolitan Books. ISBN 978-0-8050-7057-6.
↑ Sela, Avraham (2002-09-05). Continuum Political Encyclopedia of the Middle East: Revised and Updated Edition. Bloomsbury Academic. ISBN 978-0-8264-1413-7.
↑ Shalom, Zaki (April 2008). "Israel's Foreign Minister Eban meets President de Gaulle and Prime Minister Wilson on the Eve of the Six Day War". Israel Affairs. 14 (2): 277–287. doi:10.1080/13537120801900276. ISSN 1353-7121.
↑ Shemesh, Mosheh (2008). Arab politics, Palestinian nationalism and the Six Day War: the crystallization of Arab strategy and Nasir's descent to war, 1957-1967. Brighton Portland: Sussex Academic Press. ISBN 978-1-83624-047-1.
↑ Shlaim, Avi (2014-10-20). The Iron Wall: Israel and the Arab World (Updated and Expanded). W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 978-0-393-35101-9.
↑ Teveth, Shabtai (1969). The Tanks of Tammuz. Viking Press. ISBN 978-0-670-69368-9.
↑ Yemini, Ben-Dror (2017). Industry of Lies: Media, Academia, and the Israeli-Arab Conflict. Institute for the Study of Global Antisemitism and Policy. ISBN 978-1-9790-6143-8.
↑ Zipperstein, Steven E. (2024). The legal case for Palestine: a critical assessment. Ucla center for middle east development (cmed). Abingdon, Oxon [UK] New York, NY: Routledge. ISBN 978-1-040-09178-4.
↑ أحمد, رفعت سيد (1993). الصراع المائي: الأبعاد الكاملة للصراع حول الماء بين العرب و إسرائيل : الداقع د المستقبل (in Arabic). دار الهدا،. ISBN 978-977-5340-04-7.
↑ أحمد, رفعت سيد (1993). الصراع المائي: الأبعاد الكاملة للصراع حول الماء بين العرب و إسرائيل : الداقع د المستقبل (in Arabic). دار الهدا،. ISBN 978-977-5340-04-7.
↑ حبيب, كميل (2002). السلم الإسرائيلي المسلح في أساسه وأهدافه (in Arabic). المؤسسة الحديثة للكتاب.

[1] (Morris 1999, p. 306); (Popp 2006, p. 285); (Yemini 2017, p. 249)

[2] (Shlaim and Louis 2012, p. 224)

[3] (Shlaim and Louis 2012, p. 27)

[4] (Bregman 2016, p. 393); (Mattar 2005, p. 31); (Morris 1999, p. 306); (Fraser 2018, p. 81); (Cattan 1969, p. 103); (Zipperstein 2024, p. 272); (ربيع 1983, p. 296); (Barker 2023, p. 18); (كميل حبيب. 2002, p. 132); (Aron 2002, p. 133); (أحمد 1993, p. 62) harv error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFأحمد1993 (help); (Shemesh 2008, p. 118); (رفعت سيد أحمد. and أحمد، رفعت سيد. 1993, p. 63); (Ruys 2010, p. 277); (شلش 2023, p. 568); (Kubic 2017, p. 145); (Abu-Jaber 1968, p. 13); (Bowett and Petersen 1971, p. 20); (Medzini 2020, p. 134); (Knorr and Morgan, p. 135); (Gat 2005, p. 611); (Aronson 2000, p. 92); (Levitan 2025, p. 8);; (Harris 1983, p. 312); (Shalom 2008, p. 381); (Sandler and Hartley 2003, p. 370); (Gat 2013, p. 615); (Gluska 2007, p. 153); (Evron 2005, p. 44); (Aronson 2010, p. 338); (Affairs 1967, p. 58); (Rikhye 2013, p. 80); (Gelpi 2010, p. 141); (Govrin 2013, p. 313); (Hay 2012, p. 69); (Rabinovich 2009, p. 21); (Hinnebusch 2015); (Sandler 2017, p. 100); (Relations 1975, p. 8–9); (Teveth 1969, p. 19); (Hammond and Alexander 1972, p. 149); (Bar-Siman-Tov 1987, p. 97); (Sela 2002, p. 284); (Arad and Smernoff 1975); ( 2007)

[5] (Morris 1999, p. 306)

[6] (Morris 1999, p. 306)

[7] Affairs, New Zealand Department of External (1967). External Affairs Review. Department of External Affairs.

[8] Arad, Uzi B.; Smernoff, Barry J. (1975). American Security and the International Energy Situation: Final Report. National Technical Information Service.

[9] Barker, Anthony J. (2023). US Foreign Service Women in the Middle East and Islamic North Africa, 1945-2001 (1st ed.). Cham: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-3-031-46756-1.

[10] "Israel's Nuclear Dilemma (Routledge Revivals)". Taylor & Francis. 2014-06-03. doi:10.4324/9781315823393/israel-nuclear-dilemma-routledge-revivals-yair-evron. Archived from the original on 2024-08-08.

[11] Ferris, Jesse (2012). Nasser's Gamble: How Intervention in Yemen Caused the Six-Day War and the Decline of Egyptian Power. Princeton: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-16343-7.

[12] Gat, Moshe (December 2005). "Nasser and the Six Day War, 5 June 1967: A Premeditated Strategy or An Inexorable Drift to War?". Israel Affairs. 11 (4): 608–635. doi:10.1080/13537120500233714. ISSN 1353-7121.

[13] Gat, Moshe (1 October 2013). "Anatomy of decline: Anglo-Soviet competition in the Middle East, 1956–67". Israel Affairs. 19 (4): 603–622. doi:10.1080/13537121.2013.829610. ISSN 1353-7121.

[14] Gluska, Ami (2007-02-12). The Israeli Military and the Origins of the 1967 War (1st ed.). Routledge. doi:10.4324/9780203965962. ISBN 978-1-134-16377-9.

[15] Goldstein, Yossi (2018-09-03). "The Six Day War: the war that no one wanted". Israel Affairs. 24 (5): 767–784. doi:10.1080/13537121.2018.1505475. ISSN 1353-7121.

[16] Govrin, Yosef (2013). Israeli-Soviet Relations, 1953-1967: From Confrontation to Disruption. Cummings Center Series. Hoboken: Taylor and Francis. ISBN 978-1-135-25662-3.

[17] Hammond, Paul Y.; Alexander, Sidney S., eds. (1972). Political dynamics in the Middle East. The Middle East: Economic and political problems and prospects. New York: American Elsevier Pub. Co. ISBN 978-0-444-00110-8.

[18] Harris, D. J. (1983). Cases and materials on international law. United Nations, International Court of Justice (3rd ed.). London: Sweet & Maxwell. ISBN 978-0-421-29270-3.

[19] Hay, Jeff (2012). The Arab-Israeli Six-Day War. Perspectives on Modern World History Ser. New York, NY: Greenhaven Publishing LLC. ISBN 978-0-7377-6799-5.

[20] Kanovsky, E. (1968). "The Economic Aftermath of the Six Day War". Middle East Journal. 22 (2): 131–143. ISSN 0026-3141.

[21] Kubic, Milan J. (2017). From Prague to Jerusalem: An Uncommon Journey of a Journalist. Northern Illinois University Press. ISBN 978-0-87580-764-5.

[22] Lall, Arthur Samuel (1970). The UN and the Middle East crisis, 1967. A Columbia paperback, 103. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-08635-6.

[23] Levitan, Nir (2025-05-04). "In the eye of the storm: Odd Bull and the outbreak of the 1967 war". Israel Affairs. 31 (3): 404–415. doi:10.1080/13537121.2025.2495411. ISSN 1353-7121.

[24] Mattar, Philip (2005). Encyclopedia of the Palestinians. New York: Infobase Publishing. ISBN 978-0-8160-6986-6.

[25] Medzini, Meron (2020). Golda Meir: a reference guide to her life and works. Significant figures in world history. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-1-5381-2288-4.

[26] Naor, Arye (July 2006). "Civil–Military Relations and Strategic Goal Setting in the Six Day War". Israel Affairs. 12 (3): 395–411. doi:10.1080/13537120600744610. ISSN 1353-7121.

[27] Oren, Michael B. (2002). Six days of war: June 1967 and the making of the modern Middle East. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-515174-9.

[28] Popp, Roland (2006). "Stumbling Decidedly into the Six-Day War". Middle East Journal. 60 (2): 281–309. ISSN 0026-3141.

[29] Rabin, Yitzhak; Rabin, Yitzhak (1979). The Rabin memoirs. Herman Wouk Collection (Library of Congress) (1st English ed.). Boston: Little, Brown and Company. ISBN 978-0-316-73002-0.

[30] Rabinovits, Itamar (1999). The brink of peace: the Israeli-Syrian negotiations. Princeton, New Jersey Chichester, West Sussex: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-1-4008-2265-2.

[31] Relations, Universiṭah ha-ʻIvrit bi-Yerushalayim Leonard Davis Institute for International (1975). Jerusalem Papers on Peace Problems.

[32] Rikhye, Major General Indar Jit (2013). The Sinai Blunder: Withdrawal of the United Nations Emergency Force Leading. Hoboken: Taylor and Francis. ISBN 978-1-136-27978-2.

[33] Rodman, David (March 2000). "Patterns of war initiation in the Arab‐Israeli conflict: A note on the military dimension". Israel Affairs. 6 (3–4): 115–128. doi:10.1080/13537120008719575. ISSN 1353-7121.

[34] Ruys, Tom (2010-11-25). 'Armed Attack' and Article 51 of the UN Charter: Evolutions in Customary Law and Practice. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-139-49483-0.

[35] Sādāt, Anwar as- (1978). In search of identity: an autobiography (1st ed.). New York: Harper & Row. ISBN 978-0-06-013742-7.

[36] "The Jewish Origins of Israeli Foreign Policy : A Study in Tradition and Survival". Taylor & Francis. 2017-09-18. doi:10.4324/9781315194998/jewish-origins-israeli-foreign-policy-shmuel-sandler. Archived from the original on 2024-06-06.

[37] Sandler, Todd; Hartley, Keith, eds. (2003). The economics of conflict. The international library of critical writings in economics. Cheltenham, UK ; Northhampton, MA: Edward Elgar. ISBN 978-1-84064-782-2.

[38] Seale, Patrick (1989). Asad of Syria: The Struggle for the Middle East. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-06667-0.

[39] Śegev, Tom (2007). 1967: Israel, the war, and the year that transformed the Middle East (1st American ed.). New York, NY: Metropolitan Books. ISBN 978-0-8050-7057-6.

[40] Sela, Avraham (2002-09-05). Continuum Political Encyclopedia of the Middle East: Revised and Updated Edition. Bloomsbury Academic. ISBN 978-0-8264-1413-7.

[41] Shalom, Zaki (April 2008). "Israel's Foreign Minister Eban meets President de Gaulle and Prime Minister Wilson on the Eve of the Six Day War". Israel Affairs. 14 (2): 277–287. doi:10.1080/13537120801900276. ISSN 1353-7121.

[42] Shemesh, Mosheh (2008). Arab politics, Palestinian nationalism and the Six Day War: the crystallization of Arab strategy and Nasir's descent to war, 1957-1967. Brighton Portland: Sussex Academic Press. ISBN 978-1-83624-047-1.

[43] Shlaim, Avi (2014-10-20). The Iron Wall: Israel and the Arab World (Updated and Expanded). W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 978-0-393-35101-9.

[44] Teveth, Shabtai (1969). The Tanks of Tammuz. Viking Press. ISBN 978-0-670-69368-9.

[45] Yemini, Ben-Dror (2017). Industry of Lies: Media, Academia, and the Israeli-Arab Conflict. Institute for the Study of Global Antisemitism and Policy. ISBN 978-1-9790-6143-8.

[46] Zipperstein, Steven E. (2024). The legal case for Palestine: a critical assessment. Ucla center for middle east development (cmed). Abingdon, Oxon [UK] New York, NY: Routledge. ISBN 978-1-040-09178-4.

[47] أحمد, رفعت سيد (1993). الصراع المائي: الأبعاد الكاملة للصراع حول الماء بين العرب و إسرائيل : الداقع د المستقبل (in Arabic). دار الهدا،. ISBN 978-977-5340-04-7.

[48] أحمد, رفعت سيد (1993). الصراع المائي: الأبعاد الكاملة للصراع حول الماء بين العرب و إسرائيل : الداقع د المستقبل (in Arabic). دار الهدا،. ISBN 978-977-5340-04-7.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 == Egypt's blockade of the straits of Tiran ==
-Around noon on May 22, Nasser announced that Egypt would close the Straits of Tiran to “all ships flying Israeli flags or carrying strategic materials” to Eilat.<ref>{{harv|Morris|1999|p=306}}; {{harv|Popp|2006|p=285}}; {{harv|Yemini|2017|p=249}}</ref> Those “strategic goods” included, amongst other things, oil shipments from Iran, which constituted 90% of Israel’s overall oil supply.<ref>{{harv|Shlaim and Louis|2012|p=224}}</ref> The blockade prevented all oil shipments from arriving.<ref>{{harv|Shlaim and Louis|2012|p=27}}</ref> This move was widely regarded by Israel, the US and the “international community” as a '''casus belli'''<ref>{{harv|Bregman|2016|p=393}}; {{harv|Mattar|2005|p=31}}; {{harv|Morris|1999|p=306}}; {{harv|Fraser|2018|p=81}}; {{harv|Cattan|1969|p=103}}; {{harv|Zipperstein|2024|p=272}}; {{harv|ربيع|1983|p=296}}; {{harv|Barker|2023|p=18}}; {{harv|كميل حبيب.|2002|p=132}}; {{harv|Aron|2002|p=133}}; {{harv|أحمد|1993|p=62}}; {{harv|Shemesh|2008|p=118}}; {{harv|رفعت سيد أحمد. and أحمد، رفعت سيد.|1993|p=63}}; {{harv|Ruys|2010|p=277}}; {{harv|شلش|2023|p=568}}; {{harv|Kubic|2017|p=145}}; {{harv|Abu-Jaber|1968|p=13}}; {{harv|Bowett and Petersen|1971|p=20}}; {{harv|Medzini|2020|p=134}}; {{harv|Knorr and Morgan|p=135}}; {{harv|Gat|2005|p=611}}; {{harv|Aronson|2000|p=92}}; {{harv|Levitan|2025|p=8}}; {{harv|Sicker|2001|p=222–223}}; {{harv|Harris|1983|p=312}}; {{harv|Shalom|2008|p=381}}; {{harv|Sandler and Hartley|2003|p=370}}; {{harv|Gat|2013|p=615}}; {{harv|Gluska|2007|p=153}}; {{harv|Evron|2005|p=44}}; {{harv|Aronson|2010|p=338}}; {{harv|Affairs|1967|p=58}}; {{harv|Rikhye|2013|p=80}}; {{harv|Gelpi|2010|p=141}}; {{harv|Govrin|2013|p=313}}; {{harv|Hay|2012|p=69}}; {{harv|Rabinovich|2009|p=21}}; {{harv|Hinnebusch|2015}}; {{harv|Sandler|2017|p=100}}; {{harv|Relations|1975|p=8–9}}; {{harv|Teveth|1969|p=19}}; {{harv|Hammond and Alexander|1972|p=149}}; {{harv|Bar-Siman-Tov|1987|p=97}}; {{harv|Sela|2002|p=284}}; {{harv|Arad and Smernoff|1975}}; {{harv||2007}}</ref> an act or situation provoking or justifying war. It was seen as the “decisive act that made war inevitable”.<ref>{{harv|Morris|1999|p=306}}</ref> Nasser, in his speech on May 29,  went even further with this act that already legally justified war, and stated that the issue was Israel’s “existence,” not merely the Straits of Tiran.<ref>{{harv|Morris|1999|p=306}}</ref>
+Around noon on May 22, Nasser announced that Egypt would close the Straits of Tiran to “all ships flying Israeli flags or carrying strategic materials” to Eilat.<ref>{{harv|Morris|1999|p=306}}; {{harv|Popp|2006|p=285}}; {{harv|Yemini|2017|p=249}}</ref> Those “strategic goods” included, amongst other things, oil shipments from Iran, which constituted 90% of Israel’s overall oil supply.<ref>{{harv|Shlaim and Louis|2012|p=224}}</ref> The blockade prevented all oil shipments from arriving.<ref>{{harv|Shlaim and Louis|2012|p=27}}</ref> This move was widely regarded by Israel, the US and the “international community” as a '''casus belli'''<ref>{{harv|Bregman|2016|p=393}}; {{harv|Mattar|2005|p=31}}; {{harv|Morris|1999|p=306}}; {{harv|Fraser|2018|p=81}}; {{harv|Cattan|1969|p=103}}; {{harv|Zipperstein|2024|p=272}}; {{harv|ربيع|1983|p=296}}; {{harv|Barker|2023|p=18}}; {{harv|كميل حبيب.|2002|p=132}}; {{harv|Aron|2002|p=133}}; {{harv|أحمد|1993|p=62}}; {{harv|Shemesh|2008|p=118}}; {{harv|رفعت سيد أحمد. and أحمد، رفعت سيد.|1993|p=63}}; {{harv|Ruys|2010|p=277}}; {{harv|شلش|2023|p=568}}; {{harv|Kubic|2017|p=145}}; {{harv|Abu-Jaber|1968|p=13}}; {{harv|Bowett and Petersen|1971|p=20}}; {{harv|Medzini|2020|p=134}}; {{harv|Knorr and Morgan|p=135}}; {{harv|Gat|2005|p=611}}; {{harv|Aronson|2000|p=92}}; {{harv|Levitan|2025|p=8}};; {{harv|Harris|1983|p=312}}; {{harv|Shalom|2008|p=381}}; {{harv|Sandler and Hartley|2003|p=370}}; {{harv|Gat|2013|p=615}}; {{harv|Gluska|2007|p=153}}; {{harv|Evron|2005|p=44}}; {{harv|Aronson|2010|p=338}}; {{harv|Affairs|1967|p=58}}; {{harv|Rikhye|2013|p=80}}; {{harv|Gelpi|2010|p=141}}; {{harv|Govrin|2013|p=313}}; {{harv|Hay|2012|p=69}}; {{harv|Rabinovich|2009|p=21}}; {{harv|Hinnebusch|2015}}; {{harv|Sandler|2017|p=100}}; {{harv|Relations|1975|p=8–9}}; {{harv|Teveth|1969|p=19}}; {{harv|Hammond and Alexander|1972|p=149}}; {{harv|Bar-Siman-Tov|1987|p=97}}; {{harv|Sela|2002|p=284}}; {{harv|Arad and Smernoff|1975}}; {{harv||2007}}</ref> an act or situation provoking or justifying war. It was seen as the “decisive act that made war inevitable”.<ref>{{harv|Morris|1999|p=306}}</ref> Nasser, in his speech on May 29,  went even further with this act that already legally justified war, and stated that the issue was Israel’s “existence,” not merely the Straits of Tiran.<ref>{{harv|Morris|1999|p=306}}</ref>
 == References ==
@@ Line 7: / Line 7: @@
 == Biliography ==
-* {{cite journal |journal= External Affairs Review|url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/External_Affairs_Review/8Oc1AQAAIAAJ?hl=en |title=External Affairs Review |vauthors=((Affairs, N. Z. D. of E.)) |date=1967 |publisher=Department of External Affairs}}
+* <ref>{{Cite book |last=Affairs |first=New Zealand Department of External |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/External_Affairs_Review/8Oc1AQAAIAAJ?hl=en |title=External Affairs Review |date=1967 |publisher=Department of External Affairs |language=en}}</ref>
-* {{cite book |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Arab_World/o54eAAAAMAAJ?hl=en |title=The Arab World |vauthors=((Abu-Jaber, K.)) |date=1968 |publisher=Arab Information Center}}
+* {{cite book |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Arab_World/kbEMAQAAMAAJ?hl=en |title=The Arab World |vauthors=((Abu-Jaber, K.)) |date=1968 |publisher=Arab Information Center}}
 * {{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/20211125_20211125_1509 |title=نظرية الأمن القومي العربي والتطور المعاصر للتعامل الدولي في منطقة الشرق الأوسط |vauthors=((ربيع, د. ح.)) |date=1 August 1983 |publisher=مركز الحضارة للدراسات والبحوث}}
-* {{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/DTIC_ADA028479 |title=American Security and the International Energy Situation: Final Report |vauthors=((Arad, U. B.)), ((Smernoff, B. J.)) |date=1975 |publisher=National Technical Information Service}}
+* <ref>{{Cite book |last=Arad |first=Uzi B. |url=https://archive.org/details/DTIC_ADA028479 |title=American Security and the International Energy Situation: Final Report |last2=Smernoff |first2=Barry J. |date=1975 |publisher=National Technical Information Service |language=en}}</ref>
 * {{cite book |url=https://www.routledge.com/De-Gaulle-Israel-and-the-Jews/Aron/p/book/9780765809254 |title=De Gaulle, Israel, and the Jews |vauthors=((Aron, R.)) |date=30 June 2002 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-7658-0925-4}}
 * {{Cite journal |last=Aronson |first=Shlomo |date=May 2000 |title=Israel's nuclear programme, the six day war and its ramifications |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13537120008719573 |journal=Israel Affairs |language=en |volume=6 |issue=3-4 |pages=83–95 |doi=10.1080/13537120008719573 |issn=1353-7121}}
 * {{Cite book |last=Aronson |first=Shlomo |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/9780511762437/type/book |title=David Ben-Gurion and the Jewish Renaissance |date=2010-11-01 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-19748-9 |edition=1 |translator-last=Greenwood |translator-first=Naftali |doi=10.1017/cbo9780511762437}}
-* {{Cite book |last=Barker |first=Anthony J. |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/US_Foreign_Service_Women_in_the_Middle_E/JpjrEAAAQBAJ |title=US Foreign Service Women in the Middle East and Islamic North Africa, 1945-2001 |date=2023 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |isbn=978-3-031-46756-1 |edition=1st |location=Cham}}
+* <ref>{{Cite book |last=Barker |first=Anthony J. |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/US_Foreign_Service_Women_in_the_Middle_E/JpjrEAAAQBAJ |title=US Foreign Service Women in the Middle East and Islamic North Africa, 1945-2001 |date=2023 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |isbn=978-3-031-46756-1 |edition=1st |location=Cham}}</ref>
 * {{Cite book |last=Bar-Siman-Ṭov |first=Yaʿaḳov |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Israel_the_Superpowers_and_the_War_in_th/fZ1tAAAAMAAJ |title=Israel, the superpowers, and the war in the Middle East |last2=Bar-Siman-Ṭov |first2=Yaʿaḳov |date=1987 |publisher=Praeger |others=The Hebrew University, Jerusalem. Harry S. Truman Research Center for the Advancement of Peace |isbn=978-0-275-92396-9 |location=New York, NY}} (Originally by the University of Michigan)
 * {{cite book |last=Petersen |first=Kristen |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Proposal_for_Establishment_of_an_Interna/aW8nAQAAMAAJ |title=Proposal for Establishment of an International Council for Research and Information on Conflicts |last2=Bowett |first2=Derek |date= |publisher=Statens Trykningskontor |year=1971 |isbn=978-87-503-1059-4}} (Originally published by Northwestern University)
@@ Line 52: / Line 52: @@
 *<ref>{{Cite book |last=Relations |first=Universiṭah ha-ʻIvrit bi-Yerushalayim Leonard Davis Institute for International |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Jerusalem_Papers_on_Peace_Problems/FLkzAAAAIAAJ?hl=en |title=Jerusalem Papers on Peace Problems |date=1975 |language=en}}</ref>
 *<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rikhye |first=Major General Indar Jit |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/mono/10.4324/9780203061527/sinai-blunder-major-general-indar-jit-rikhye |title=The Sinai Blunder: Withdrawal of the United Nations Emergency Force Leading |date=2013 |publisher=Taylor and Francis |isbn=978-1-136-27978-2 |location=Hoboken}}</ref>
-*{{cite journal |vauthors=((Rodman, D.)) |date=1 March 2000 |title=Patterns of war initiation in the Arab‐Israeli conflict: A note on the military dimension |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/13537120008719575 |journal=Israel Affairs |publisher=Routledge |volume=6 |issue=3–4 |pages=115–128 |doi=10.1080/13537120008719575 |issn=1353-7121 |access-date=30 June 2025}}
+*<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rodman |first=David |date=March 2000 |title=Patterns of war initiation in the Arab‐Israeli conflict: A note on the military dimension |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13537120008719575 |journal=Israel Affairs |language=en |volume=6 |issue=3-4 |pages=115–128 |doi=10.1080/13537120008719575 |issn=1353-7121}}</ref>
-*{{cite book |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Armed_Attack_and_Article_51_of_the_UN_Ch/mjok10qoh2cC? |title=“Armed Attack” and Article 51 of the UN Charter: Evolutions in Customary Law and Practice |vauthors=((Ruys, T.)) |date=25 November 2010 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-139-49483-0}}
+*<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ruys |first=Tom |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Armed_Attack_and_Article_51_of_the_UN_Ch/mjok10qoh2cC? |title='Armed Attack' and Article 51 of the UN Charter: Evolutions in Customary Law and Practice |date=2010-11-25 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-139-49483-0 |language=en}}</ref>
-*{{cite book |url=https://bac-lac.on.worldcat.org/oclc/299982218 |title=In search of identity: an autobiography |vauthors=((Sadat, A.)) |date=1978 |publisher=Harper & Row |isbn=978-0-06-013742-7}}
+*<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sādāt |first=Anwar as- |url=https://archive.org/details/insearchofidenti00sada/page/n5/mode/2up |title=In search of identity: an autobiography |date=1978 |publisher=Harper & Row |isbn=978-0-06-013742-7 |edition=1st |location=New York}}</ref>
-*{{cite book |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/mono/10.4324/9781315194998/jewish-origins-israeli-foreign-policy-shmuel-sandler |title=The Jewish Origins of Israeli Foreign Policy: A Study in Tradition and Survival |vauthors=((Sandler, S.)) |date=18 September 2017 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-351-76272-4}}
+*<ref>{{Cite journal |date=2017-09-18 |title=The Jewish Origins of Israeli Foreign Policy : A Study in Tradition and Survival |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/mono/10.4324/9781315194998/jewish-origins-israeli-foreign-policy-shmuel-sandler |journal=Taylor & Francis |language=en |doi=10.4324/9781315194998/jewish-origins-israeli-foreign-policy-shmuel-sandler |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20240606221932/https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/mono/10.4324/9781315194998/jewish-origins-israeli-foreign-policy-shmuel-sandler |archive-date=2024-06-06}}</ref>
-*{{cite book |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Economics_of_Conflict_Case_studies/JR68AAAAIAAJ |title=The Economics of Conflict: Case studies |vauthors=((Sandler, T.)), ((Hartley, K.)) |date=2003 |publisher=Edward Elgar |isbn=978-1-84064-782-2}}
+*<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Economics_of_Conflict_Case_studies/JR68AAAAIAAJ |title=The economics of conflict |date=2003 |publisher=Edward Elgar |isbn=978-1-84064-782-2 |editor-last=Sandler |editor-first=Todd |series=The international library of critical writings in economics |location=Cheltenham, UK ; Northhampton, MA |editor-last2=Hartley |editor-first2=Keith}}</ref>
-*{{cite book |url=http://archive.org/details/asadofsyriastrug00seal |title=Asad of Syria : the struggle for the Middle East |vauthors=((Seale, P.)), ((McConville, M.)) |date=1990 |publisher=Berkeley : University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-06976-3}}
+*<ref>{{Cite book |last=Seale |first=Patrick |url=http://archive.org/details/asadofsyriastrug00seal |title=Asad of Syria: The Struggle for the Middle East |date=1989 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-06667-0 |language=en}}</ref>
-*{{cite book |url=http://catdir.loc.gov/catdir/enhancements/fy0730/2006047043-s.html |title=1967: Israel, the War, and the Year that Transformed the Middle East |vauthors=((Segev, T.)) |date=2007 |publisher=Metropolitan Books |isbn=978-0-8050-7057-6 |edition=1st}}
+*<ref>{{Cite book |last=Śegev |first=Tom |url=http://catdir.loc.gov/catdir/enhancements/fy0730/2006047043-s.html |title=1967: Israel, the war, and the year that transformed the Middle East |date=2007 |publisher=Metropolitan Books |isbn=978-0-8050-7057-6 |edition=1st American |location=New York, NY}}</ref>
-*{{cite book |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Continuum_Political_Encyclopedia_of_the/YJwsAQAAIAAJ |title=Continuum Political Encyclopedia of the Middle East: Revised and Updated Edition |vauthors=((Sela, A.)) |date=5 September 2002 |publisher=Bloomsbury Academic |isbn=978-0-8264-1413-7}}
+*<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sela |first=Avraham |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Continuum_Political_Encyclopedia_of_the/YJwsAQAAIAAJ |title=Continuum Political Encyclopedia of the Middle East: Revised and Updated Edition |date=2002-09-05 |publisher=Bloomsbury Academic |isbn=978-0-8264-1413-7 |language=en}}</ref>
-*{{cite journal |vauthors=((Shalom, Z.)) |date=1 April 2008 |title=Israel’s Foreign Minister Eban meets President de Gaulle and Prime Minister Wilson on the Eve of the Six Day War |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/13537120801900276 |journal=Israel Affairs |publisher=Routledge |volume=14 |issue=2 |pages=277–287 |doi=10.1080/13537120801900276 |issn=1353-7121 |access-date=9 July 2025}}
+*<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Shalom |first=Zaki |date=April 2008 |title=Israel's Foreign Minister Eban meets President de Gaulle and Prime Minister Wilson on the Eve of the Six Day War |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13537120801900276 |journal=Israel Affairs |language=en |volume=14 |issue=2 |pages=277–287 |doi=10.1080/13537120801900276 |issn=1353-7121}}</ref>
-*{{cite book |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=e4ttAAAAMAAJ |title=Arab politics, Palestinian nationalism and the Six Day War: the crystallization of Arab strategy and Nasir’s descent to war, 1957-1967 |vauthors=((Shemesh, M.)) |date=2008 |publisher=Sussex Academic Press |isbn=978-1-83624-047-1}}
+*<ref>{{Cite book |last=Shemesh |first=Mosheh |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=e4ttAAAAMAAJ |title=Arab politics, Palestinian nationalism and the Six Day War: the crystallization of Arab strategy and Nasir's descent to war, 1957-1967 |date=2008 |publisher=Sussex Academic Press |isbn=978-1-83624-047-1 |location=Brighton Portland}}</ref>
-*{{cite book |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Iron_Wall_Israel_and_the_Arab_World/qgi5BAAAQBAJ |title=The iron wall: Israel and the Arab world |vauthors=((Shlaim, A.)) |date=2014 |publisher=W.W. Norton & Company |isbn=978-0-393-34686-2 |edition=Second}}
+*<ref>{{Cite book |last=Shlaim |first=Avi |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Iron_Wall_Israel_and_the_Arab_World/qgi5BAAAQBAJ |title=The Iron Wall: Israel and the Arab World (Updated and Expanded) |date=2014-10-20 |publisher=W. W. Norton & Company |isbn=978-0-393-35101-9 |language=en}}</ref>
-*{{cite book |title=The Middle East in the Twentieth Century |vauthors=((Sicker, M.)) |date=28 February 2001 |publisher=Bloomsbury Academic |isbn=978-0-275-96893-9}}
+*<ref>{{Cite book |last=Teveth |first=Shabtai |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Tanks_of_Tammuz/e6RtAAAAMAAJ? |title=The Tanks of Tammuz |date=1969 |publisher=Viking Press |isbn=978-0-670-69368-9 |language=en}}</ref>
-*{{cite book |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Tanks_of_Tammuz/e6RtAAAAMAAJ? |title=The Tanks of Tammuz |vauthors=((Teveth, S.)) |date=1969 |publisher=Viking Press |isbn=978-0-670-69368-9}}
+*<ref>{{Cite book |last=Yemini |first=Ben-Dror |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Industry_of_Lies/9fWpswEACAAJ?hl=en |title=Industry of Lies: Media, Academia, and the Israeli-Arab Conflict |date=2017 |publisher=Institute for the Study of Global Antisemitism and Policy |isbn=978-1-9790-6143-8 |language=en}}</ref>
-*{{cite book |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Industry_of_Lies/9fWpswEACAAJ?hl=en |title=Industry of lies: media, academia, and the Israeli-Arab conflict |vauthors=((Yemini, B.-D.)) |date=2017 |publisher=Institute for the Study of Global Antisemitism and Policy |isbn=978-1-9790-6143-8}}
+*<ref>{{Cite book |last=Zipperstein |first=Steven E. |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781032686561 |title=The legal case for Palestine: a critical assessment |date=2024 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-040-09178-4 |series=Ucla center for middle east development (cmed) |location=Abingdon, Oxon [UK] New York, NY}}</ref>
-*{{cite book |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781032686561 |title=The Legal Case for Palestine: A Critical Assessment |vauthors=((Zipperstein, S. E.)) |date=31 July 2024 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-040-09178-4}}
+*
-*{{cite book |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A/t7MVAQAAMAAJ?hl=en |title=الصراع المائي: الأبعاد الكاملة للصراع حول الماء بين العرب و إسرائيل : الداقع د المستقبل |vauthors=((أحمد, ر. س.)) |date=1993 |publisher=دار الهدا، |isbn=978-977-5340-04-7}}
+*<ref>{{Cite book |last=أحمد |first=رفعت سيد |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A/t7MVAQAAMAAJ?hl=en |title=الصراع المائي: الأبعاد الكاملة للصراع حول الماء بين العرب و إسرائيل : الداقع د المستقبل |date=1993 |publisher=دار الهدا، |isbn=978-977-5340-04-7 |language=ar}}</ref>
 *{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/1973_20240807/page/n11/mode/2up |title=مذكرات الجمسي: حرب اكتوبر 1973 |vauthors=((جمسي, م. ع. ا.)) |date=1990 |publisher=المانشورات الشرقية |edition=الطبعة 1}}
 *{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/noor-book.com_202204 |title=شاهد على حرب 67 |vauthors=((حديدي, ص. ا.)) |date=1974 |publisher=دار الشروق}}
 *{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/20211125_20211125_1509 |title=نظرية الأمن القومي العربي والتطور المعاصر للتعامل الدولي في منطقة الشرق الأوسط |vauthors=((ربيع, د. ح.)) |date=1 August 1983 |publisher=مركز الحضارة للدراسات والبحوث}}
-*{{cite book |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A/t7MVAQAAMAAJ?hl=en |title=الصراع المائي: الأبعاد الكاملة للصراع حول الماء بين العرب وإسرائيل : الواقع والمستقبل |vauthors=رفعت سيد أحمد., أحمد، رفعت سيد. |date=1993 |publisher=دار الهدى، |edition=الطبعة 1}}
+*<ref>{{Cite book |last=أحمد |first=رفعت سيد |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A/t7MVAQAAMAAJ?hl=en |title=الصراع المائي: الأبعاد الكاملة للصراع حول الماء بين العرب و إسرائيل : الداقع د المستقبل |date=1993 |publisher=دار الهدا، |isbn=978-977-5340-04-7 |language=ar}}</ref>
 *{{cite book |url=https://www.dohainstitute.org/ar/BooksAndJournals/Pages/an-ephemeral-event-nablus-under-occupation-1967-1969-memoir-and-documents-of-hamdi-taher-kanaan.aspx |title=شيءٌ عابر...: نابلس تحت الاحتلال (حزيران/ يونيو 1967 - آذار/ مارس 1969) - مذكرات ووثائق حمدي طاهر كنعان |vauthors=((شلش, ب. م.)) |date=2023 |publisher=المركز العربي للأبحاث ودراسة السياسات |isbn=978-614-445-553-1}}
-*{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/noor-book.com_202204 |title=شاهد على حرب اليمن |vauthors=صلاح الدين حديدي., حديدي، صلاح الدين. |date=1984 |publisher=مكتبة مدبولي، |isbn=978-977-13-3028-8 |edition=الطبعة 1}}
+*{{cite book |last=حديدي |first=صلاح الدين |url=https://archive.org/details/noor-book.com_202204 |title=شاهد على حرب اليمن |date=1984 |publisher=مكتبة مدبولي، |isbn=978-977-13-3028-8 |edition=الطبعة 1}}
 *{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/hamlaenglish_gmail_20180319_1336/mode/2up |title=حرب الثلاث سنوات، 1967/1970 :‏ ‏مذكرات الفريق أول محمد فوزي، وزير الحربية الأسبق |vauthors=((فوزي, م.)) |date=1983 |publisher=‏دار المستقبل العربي |edition=الطبعة 1}}
-*{{cite book |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3/8YZtAAAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0&bsq=%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%85%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%AD%20%D9%81%D9%8A%20%D8%A3%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%87%20%D9%88%D8%A3%D9%87%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%87 |title=السلم الإسرائيلي المسلح في أساسه وأهدافه |vauthors=كميل حبيب. |date=2002 |publisher=المؤسسة الحديثة للكتاب}}
+*<ref>{{Cite book |last=حبيب |first=كميل |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3/8YZtAAAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0&bsq=%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%85%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%AD%20%D9%81%D9%8A%20%D8%A3%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%87%20%D9%88%D8%A3%D9%87%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%87 |title=السلم الإسرائيلي المسلح في أساسه وأهدافه |date=2002 |publisher=المؤسسة الحديثة للكتاب |language=ar}}</ref>
 *{{cite book |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%82_%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%AC%D9%8A_%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD/LmmBjgEACAAJ?hl=en |title=الفريق مرتجي يروي الحقائق: قائد جبهة سيناء في حرب 1967 |vauthors=((مرتجي, ع. ا. ك.)) |date=1976 |publisher=الوطن العربي}}
 *{{cite book |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A9_%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A8_%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86/TU9_QgAACAAJ?hl=en |title=اعترافات قادة حرب يونيو : نصوص شهاداتهم امام لجنة تسجيل تاريخ الثورة |vauthors=((مظهر, س.)) |date=1990 |publisher=دار الحرية للصحافة والطباعة والنشر}}
 *{{cite encyclopedia |year=2007 |title=The Sinai Campaign and after |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Judaica |publisher=Macmillan Reference US |url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopaedia-judaica-v.-09-her-int/Encyclopaedia%20Judaica%2C%20v.%2002%20%28Alr-Az%29_2/ |edition=Second |volume=10 |pages= |isbn=978-0-02-865928-2}}