User:Project Herzl/Sandbox: Difference between revisions

Revision as of 07:38, 21 July 2025

Egypt's blockade of the straits of Tiran

Around noon on May 22, Nasser announced that Egypt would close the Straits of Tiran to “all ships flying Israeli flags or carrying strategic materials” to Eilat.^[1] Those “strategic goods” included, amongst other things, oil shipments from Iran, which constituted 90% of Israel’s overall oil supply.^[2] The blockade prevented all oil shipments from arriving.^[3] This move was widely regarded by Israel, the US and the “international community” as a casus belli^[4] an act or situation provoking or justifying war. It was seen as the “decisive act that made war inevitable”.^[5] Nasser, in his speech on May 29, went even further with this act that already legally justified war, and stated that the issue was Israel’s “existence,” not merely the Straits of Tiran.^[6]

References

↑ (Morris 1999, p. 306); (Popp 2006, p. 285); (Yemini 2017, p. 249)
↑ (Shlaim and Louis 2012, p. 224)
↑ (Shlaim and Louis 2012, p. 27)
↑ (Bregman 2016, p. 393); (Mattar 2005, p. 31); (Morris 1999, p. 306); (Fraser 2018, p. 81); (Cattan 1969, p. 103); (Zipperstein 2024, p. 272); (ربيع 1983, p. 296); (Barker 2023, p. 18); (كميل حبيب. 2002, p. 132); (Aron 2002, p. 133); (أحمد 1993, p. 62); (Shemesh 2008, p. 118); (رفعت سيد أحمد. and أحمد، رفعت سيد. 1993, p. 63); (Ruys 2010, p. 277); (شلش 2023, p. 568); (Kubic 2017, p. 145); (Abu-Jaber 1968, p. 13); (Bowett and Petersen 1971, p. 20); (Medzini 2020, p. 134); (Knorr and Morgan, p. 135); (Gat 2005, p. 611); (Aronson 2000, p. 92); (Levitan 2025, p. 8); (Sicker 2001, p. 222–223); (Harris 1983, p. 312); (Shalom 2008, p. 381); (Sandler and Hartley 2003, p. 370); (Gat 2013, p. 615); (Gluska 2007, p. 153); (Evron 2005, p. 44); (Aronson 2010, p. 338); (Affairs 1967, p. 58); (Rikhye 2013, p. 80); (Gelpi 2010, p. 141); (Govrin 2013, p. 313); (Hay 2012, p. 69); (Rabinovich 2009, p. 21); (Hinnebusch 2015); (Sandler 2017, p. 100); (Relations 1975, p. 8–9); (Teveth 1969, p. 19); (Hammond and Alexander 1972, p. 149); (Bar-Siman-Tov 1987, p. 97); (Sela 2002, p. 284); (Arad and Smernoff 1975); ( 2007)
↑ (Morris 1999, p. 306)
↑ (Morris 1999, p. 306)

Biliography

Affairs, N. Z. D. of E. (1967). "External Affairs Review". External Affairs Review. Department of External Affairs.
Abu-Jaber, K. (1968). The Arab World. Arab Information Center.
ربيع, د. ح. (1 August 1983). نظرية الأمن القومي العربي والتطور المعاصر للتعامل الدولي في منطقة الشرق الأوسط. مركز الحضارة للدراسات والبحوث.
Arad, U. B., Smernoff, B. J. (1975). American Security and the International Energy Situation: Final Report. National Technical Information Service.
Aron, R. (30 June 2002). De Gaulle, Israel, and the Jews. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-7658-0925-4.
Aronson, Shlomo (May 2000). "Israel's nuclear programme, the six day war and its ramifications". Israel Affairs. 6 (3–4): 83–95. doi:10.1080/13537120008719573. ISSN 1353-7121.
Aronson, Shlomo (2010-11-01). David Ben-Gurion and the Jewish Renaissance. Translated by Greenwood, Naftali (1 ed.). Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/cbo9780511762437. ISBN 978-0-521-19748-9.
Barker, Anthony J. (2023). US Foreign Service Women in the Middle East and Islamic North Africa, 1945-2001 (1st ed.). Cham: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-3-031-46756-1.
Bar-Siman-Ṭov, Yaʿaḳov; Bar-Siman-Ṭov, Yaʿaḳov (1987). Israel, the superpowers, and the war in the Middle East. The Hebrew University, Jerusalem. Harry S. Truman Research Center for the Advancement of Peace. New York, NY: Praeger. ISBN 978-0-275-92396-9. (Originally by the University of Michigan)
Petersen, Kristen; Bowett, Derek (1971). Proposal for Establishment of an International Council for Research and Information on Conflicts. Statens Trykningskontor. ISBN 978-87-503-1059-4. (Originally published by Northwestern University)
Bregman, Ahron (2016). Israel's wars: a history since 1947 (4th ed.). Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon New York, N.Y: Routledge. ISBN 978-1-317-29637-9.
Cattan, Henry (1969). Palestine, the Arabs and Israel: the search for justice. London: Longmans. ISBN 978-0-582-78000-2.
Dayan, Moshe (1976). Moshe Dayan: story of my life. New York: Morrow. ISBN 978-0-688-03076-6.
Six Days in 1967 ... operational art in the Sinai., Defense Technical Information Center, 12 February 1996
Eban, Abba Solomon (1977). Abba Eban: an autobiography (1st ed.). New York: Random House. ISBN 978-0-394-49302-2.
Evron, Y. (28 July 2005). Israel’s Nuclear Dilemma. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-84018-2.
Ferris, J. (2012). Nasser’s Gamble: How Intervention in Yemen Caused the Six-Day War and the Decline of Egyptian Power. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-16343-7.
Fraser, T. (25 August 2018). The Arab-Israeli Conflict. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-1-137-38745-5.
Gat, M. (December 2005). "Nasser and the Six Day War, 5 June 1967: A Premeditated Strategy or An Inexorable Drift to War?". Israel Affairs. 11 (4). Routledge: 608–635. doi:10.1080/13537120500233714. ISSN 1353-7121. Retrieved 18 June 2025.
Gat, M. (1 October 2013). "Anatomy of decline: Anglo-Soviet competition in the Middle East, 1956–67". Israel Affairs. 19 (4). Routledge: 603–622. doi:10.1080/13537121.2013.829610. ISSN 1353-7121. Retrieved 9 July 2025.
Gelpi, C. (10 January 2010). The Power of Legitimacy: Assessing the Role of Norms in Crisis Bargaining. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-14671-3.
Gluska, A. (12 February 2007). The Israeli Military and the Origins of the 1967 War: Government, Armed Forces and Defence Policy 1963–67. Middle eastern military studies. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-16377-9.
Goldstein, Y. (3 September 2018). "The Six Day War: the war that no one wanted". Israel Affairs. 24 (5). Routledge: 767–784. doi:10.1080/13537121.2018.1505475. ISSN 1353-7121. Retrieved 9 July 2025.
Govrin, Y. (18 October 2013). Israeli-Soviet Relations, 1953-1967: From Confrontation to Disruption. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-135-25662-3.
Hammond, P. Y., Alexander, S. S. (1972). Political Dynamics in the Middle East. American Elsevier Publishing Company. ISBN 978-0-444-00110-8.
Harris, D. J. (1983). Cases and materials on international law. Sweet & Maxwell. ISBN 978-0-421-29270-3.
Hay, J. (28 December 2012). The Arab-Israeli Six-Day War. Greenhaven Publishing LLC. ISBN 978-0-7377-6799-5.
Kanovsky, E. (1968). "The Economic Aftermath of the Six Day War". Middle East Journal. 22 (2). Middle East Institute: 131–143. ISSN 0026-3141. Retrieved 9 July 2025.
Kimche, D., Bawley, D. (1968). The sandstorm: the Arab-Israeli war of June, 1967: prelude and aftermath. Stein and Day.
Knorr, K. E., Morgan, P. M. (1983). Strategic Military Surprise: Iniciatives and Opportunities. Transaction Publishers. ISBN 978-1-4128-3521-3.
Kubic, M. (22 August 2017). From Prague to Jerusalem: An Uncommon Journey of a Journalist. Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-1-5017-5703-7.
Lall, A. S. (1968). The UN and the Middle East Crisis, 1967. Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-08635-6.
Laqueur, W. (1969). The road to war: the origin and aftermath of the Arab-Israeli conflict, 1967/8. Harmondsworth, Penguin.
Hinnebusch, R. (1 July 2015). The international politics of the Middle East: Second edition. Manchester University Press. ISBN 978-1-78499-202-6.
Levitan, N. (4 May 2025). "In the eye of the storm: Odd Bull and the outbreak of the 1967 war". Israel Affairs. 31 (3). Routledge: 404–415. doi:10.1080/13537121.2025.2495411. ISSN 1353-7121. Retrieved 9 July 2025.
Mattar, P. (2005). Encyclopedia of the Palestinians. Infobase Publishing. ISBN 978-0-8160-6986-6.
Medzini, M. (22 October 2020). Golda Meir: A Reference Guide to Her Life and Works. Bloomsbury Publishing PLC. ISBN 978-1-5381-2288-4.
Morris, B. (1999). Righteous victims: a history of the Zionist-Arab conflict, 1881-1998 (1st ed.). Alfred A. Knopf. ISBN 978-0-679-42120-7.
Naor, A. (1 July 2006). "Civil–Military Relations and Strategic Goal Setting in the Six Day War". Israel Affairs. 12 (3). Routledge: 395–411. doi:10.1080/13537120600744610. ISSN 1353-7121. Retrieved 9 July 2025.
Oren, M. B. (2017). Six Days of War: June 1967 and the Making of the Modern Middle East. Presidio Press. ISBN 978-0-345-46192-6.
Popp, R. (1 April 2006). "Stumbling Decidedly into the Six-Day War". Middle East Journal. 60 (2). Middle East Institute: 281–309. doi:10.3751/194034606783996500. ISSN 0026-3141. Retrieved 12 June 2025.
Rabin, Y. (1979). The Rabin memoirs. Boston : Little, Brown. ISBN 978-0-316-73002-0.
Rabinovich, I. (1 July 2009). The Brink of Peace: The Israeli-Syrian Negotiations. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-1-4008-2265-2.
Relations, U. ha-ʻIvrit bi-Y. L. D. I. for I. (1975). Jerusalem Papers on Peace Problems.
Rikhye, M. G. I. J. (28 October 2013). The Sinai Blunder: Withdrawal of the United Nations Emergency Force Leading... Routledge. ISBN 978-1-136-27978-2.
Rodman, D. (1 March 2000). "Patterns of war initiation in the Arab‐Israeli conflict: A note on the military dimension". Israel Affairs. 6 (3–4). Routledge: 115–128. doi:10.1080/13537120008719575. ISSN 1353-7121. Retrieved 30 June 2025.
Ruys, T. (25 November 2010). “Armed Attack” and Article 51 of the UN Charter: Evolutions in Customary Law and Practice. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-139-49483-0.
Sadat, A. (1978). In search of identity: an autobiography. Harper & Row. ISBN 978-0-06-013742-7.
Sandler, S. (18 September 2017). The Jewish Origins of Israeli Foreign Policy: A Study in Tradition and Survival. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-351-76272-4.
Sandler, T., Hartley, K. (2003). The Economics of Conflict: Case studies. Edward Elgar. ISBN 978-1-84064-782-2.
Seale, P., McConville, M. (1990). Asad of Syria : the struggle for the Middle East. Berkeley : University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-06976-3.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: publisher location (link)
Segev, T. (2007). 1967: Israel, the War, and the Year that Transformed the Middle East (1st ed.). Metropolitan Books. ISBN 978-0-8050-7057-6.
Sela, A. (5 September 2002). Continuum Political Encyclopedia of the Middle East: Revised and Updated Edition. Bloomsbury Academic. ISBN 978-0-8264-1413-7.
Shalom, Z. (1 April 2008). "Israel's Foreign Minister Eban meets President de Gaulle and Prime Minister Wilson on the Eve of the Six Day War". Israel Affairs. 14 (2). Routledge: 277–287. doi:10.1080/13537120801900276. ISSN 1353-7121. Retrieved 9 July 2025.
Shemesh, M. (2008). Arab politics, Palestinian nationalism and the Six Day War: the crystallization of Arab strategy and Nasir’s descent to war, 1957-1967. Sussex Academic Press. ISBN 978-1-83624-047-1.
Shlaim, A. (2014). The iron wall: Israel and the Arab world (Second ed.). W.W. Norton & Company. ISBN 978-0-393-34686-2.
Sicker, M. (28 February 2001). The Middle East in the Twentieth Century. Bloomsbury Academic. ISBN 978-0-275-96893-9.
Teveth, S. (1969). The Tanks of Tammuz. Viking Press. ISBN 978-0-670-69368-9.
Yemini, B.-D. (2017). Industry of lies: media, academia, and the Israeli-Arab conflict. Institute for the Study of Global Antisemitism and Policy. ISBN 978-1-9790-6143-8.
Zipperstein, S. E. (31 July 2024). The Legal Case for Palestine: A Critical Assessment. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1-040-09178-4.
أحمد, ر. س. (1993). الصراع المائي: الأبعاد الكاملة للصراع حول الماء بين العرب و إسرائيل : الداقع د المستقبل. دار الهدا،. ISBN 978-977-5340-04-7.
جمسي, م. ع. ا. (1990). مذكرات الجمسي: حرب اكتوبر 1973 (الطبعة 1 ed.). المانشورات الشرقية.
حديدي, ص. ا. (1974). شاهد على حرب 67. دار الشروق.
ربيع, د. ح. (1 August 1983). نظرية الأمن القومي العربي والتطور المعاصر للتعامل الدولي في منطقة الشرق الأوسط. مركز الحضارة للدراسات والبحوث.
رفعت سيد أحمد., أحمد، رفعت سيد. (1993). الصراع المائي: الأبعاد الكاملة للصراع حول الماء بين العرب وإسرائيل : الواقع والمستقبل (الطبعة 1 ed.). دار الهدى،. {{cite book}}: Vancouver style error: punctuation in name 1 (help)
شلش, ب. م. (2023). شيءٌ عابر...: نابلس تحت الاحتلال (حزيران/ يونيو 1967 - آذار/ مارس 1969) - مذكرات ووثائق حمدي طاهر كنعان. المركز العربي للأبحاث ودراسة السياسات. ISBN 978-614-445-553-1.
صلاح الدين حديدي., حديدي، صلاح الدين. (1984). شاهد على حرب اليمن (الطبعة 1 ed.). مكتبة مدبولي،. ISBN 978-977-13-3028-8. {{cite book}}: Vancouver style error: punctuation in name 1 (help)
فوزي, م. (1983). حرب الثلاث سنوات، 1967/1970 :‏ ‏مذكرات الفريق أول محمد فوزي، وزير الحربية الأسبق (الطبعة 1 ed.). ‏دار المستقبل العربي.
كميل حبيب. (2002). السلم الإسرائيلي المسلح في أساسه وأهدافه. المؤسسة الحديثة للكتاب. {{cite book}}: Vancouver style error: punctuation in name 1 (help)
مرتجي, ع. ا. ك. (1976). الفريق مرتجي يروي الحقائق: قائد جبهة سيناء في حرب 1967. الوطن العربي.
مظهر, س. (1990). اعترافات قادة حرب يونيو : نصوص شهاداتهم امام لجنة تسجيل تاريخ الثورة. دار الحرية للصحافة والطباعة والنشر.
"The Sinai Campaign and after". Encyclopaedia Judaica. Vol. 10 (Second ed.). Macmillan Reference US. 2007. ISBN 978-0-02-865928-2.

[1] (Morris 1999, p. 306); (Popp 2006, p. 285); (Yemini 2017, p. 249)

[2] (Shlaim and Louis 2012, p. 224)

[3] (Shlaim and Louis 2012, p. 27)

[4] (Bregman 2016, p. 393); (Mattar 2005, p. 31); (Morris 1999, p. 306); (Fraser 2018, p. 81); (Cattan 1969, p. 103); (Zipperstein 2024, p. 272); (ربيع 1983, p. 296); (Barker 2023, p. 18); (كميل حبيب. 2002, p. 132); (Aron 2002, p. 133); (أحمد 1993, p. 62); (Shemesh 2008, p. 118); (رفعت سيد أحمد. and أحمد، رفعت سيد. 1993, p. 63); (Ruys 2010, p. 277); (شلش 2023, p. 568); (Kubic 2017, p. 145); (Abu-Jaber 1968, p. 13); (Bowett and Petersen 1971, p. 20); (Medzini 2020, p. 134); (Knorr and Morgan, p. 135); (Gat 2005, p. 611); (Aronson 2000, p. 92); (Levitan 2025, p. 8); (Sicker 2001, p. 222–223); (Harris 1983, p. 312); (Shalom 2008, p. 381); (Sandler and Hartley 2003, p. 370); (Gat 2013, p. 615); (Gluska 2007, p. 153); (Evron 2005, p. 44); (Aronson 2010, p. 338); (Affairs 1967, p. 58); (Rikhye 2013, p. 80); (Gelpi 2010, p. 141); (Govrin 2013, p. 313); (Hay 2012, p. 69); (Rabinovich 2009, p. 21); (Hinnebusch 2015); (Sandler 2017, p. 100); (Relations 1975, p. 8–9); (Teveth 1969, p. 19); (Hammond and Alexander 1972, p. 149); (Bar-Siman-Tov 1987, p. 97); (Sela 2002, p. 284); (Arad and Smernoff 1975); ( 2007)

[5] (Morris 1999, p. 306)

[6] (Morris 1999, p. 306)

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+== Egypt's blockade of the straits of Tiran ==
+Around noon on May 22, Nasser announced that Egypt would close the Straits of Tiran to “all ships flying Israeli flags or carrying strategic materials” to Eilat.<ref>{{harv|Morris|1999|p=306}}; {{harv|Popp|2006|p=285}}; {{harv|Yemini|2017|p=249}}</ref> Those “strategic goods” included, amongst other things, oil shipments from Iran, which constituted 90% of Israel’s overall oil supply.<ref>{{harv|Shlaim and Louis|2012|p=224}}</ref> The blockade prevented all oil shipments from arriving.<ref>{{harv|Shlaim and Louis|2012|p=27}}</ref> This move was widely regarded by Israel, the US and the “international community” as a '''casus belli'''<ref>{{harv|Bregman|2016|p=393}}; {{harv|Mattar|2005|p=31}}; {{harv|Morris|1999|p=306}}; {{harv|Fraser|2018|p=81}}; {{harv|Cattan|1969|p=103}}; {{harv|Zipperstein|2024|p=272}}; {{harv|ربيع|1983|p=296}}; {{harv|Barker|2023|p=18}}; {{harv|كميل حبيب.|2002|p=132}}; {{harv|Aron|2002|p=133}}; {{harv|أحمد|1993|p=62}}; {{harv|Shemesh|2008|p=118}}; {{harv|رفعت سيد أحمد. and أحمد، رفعت سيد.|1993|p=63}}; {{harv|Ruys|2010|p=277}}; {{harv|شلش|2023|p=568}}; {{harv|Kubic|2017|p=145}}; {{harv|Abu-Jaber|1968|p=13}}; {{harv|Bowett and Petersen|1971|p=20}}; {{harv|Medzini|2020|p=134}}; {{harv|Knorr and Morgan|p=135}}; {{harv|Gat|2005|p=611}}; {{harv|Aronson|2000|p=92}}; {{harv|Levitan|2025|p=8}}; {{harv|Sicker|2001|p=222–223}}; {{harv|Harris|1983|p=312}}; {{harv|Shalom|2008|p=381}}; {{harv|Sandler and Hartley|2003|p=370}}; {{harv|Gat|2013|p=615}}; {{harv|Gluska|2007|p=153}}; {{harv|Evron|2005|p=44}}; {{harv|Aronson|2010|p=338}}; {{harv|Affairs|1967|p=58}}; {{harv|Rikhye|2013|p=80}}; {{harv|Gelpi|2010|p=141}}; {{harv|Govrin|2013|p=313}}; {{harv|Hay|2012|p=69}}; {{harv|Rabinovich|2009|p=21}}; {{harv|Hinnebusch|2015}}; {{harv|Sandler|2017|p=100}}; {{harv|Relations|1975|p=8–9}}; {{harv|Teveth|1969|p=19}}; {{harv|Hammond and Alexander|1972|p=149}}; {{harv|Bar-Siman-Tov|1987|p=97}}; {{harv|Sela|2002|p=284}}; {{harv|Arad and Smernoff|1975}}; {{harv||2007}}</ref> an act or situation provoking or justifying war. It was seen as the “decisive act that made war inevitable”.<ref>{{harv|Morris|1999|p=306}}</ref> Nasser, in his speech on May 29,  went even further with this act that already legally justified war, and stated that the issue was Israel’s “existence,” not merely the Straits of Tiran.<ref>{{harv|Morris|1999|p=306}}</ref>
+== References ==
+{{reflist}}
 == Biliography ==