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Egypt's blockade of the straits of Tiran

Around noon on May 22, Nasser announced that Egypt would close the Straits of Tiran to “all ships flying Israeli flags or carrying strategic materials” to Eilat.^[1] Those “strategic goods” included, amongst other things, oil shipments from Iran, which constituted 90% of Israel’s overall oil supply.^[2] The blockade prevented all oil shipments from arriving.^[3] This move was widely regarded by Israel, the US and the “international community” as a casus belli^[4]^[5] an act or situation provoking or justifying war. It was seen as the “decisive act that made war inevitable”.^[6] Nasser, in his speech on May 29, went even further with this act that already legally justified war, and stated that the issue was Israel’s “existence,” not merely the Straits of Tiran.^[7]

References

↑ (Morris 1999, p. 306); (Popp 2006, p. 285); (Yemini 2017, p. 249)
↑ (Shlaim and Louis 2012, p. 224)
↑ (Shlaim and Louis 2012, p. 27)
↑ (Bregman 2016, p. 393); (Mattar 2005, p. 31); (Morris 1999, p. 306); (Fraser 2018, p. 81); (Cattan 1969, p. 103); (Zipperstein 2024, p. 272); (ربيع 2022, p. 296); (Barker 2023, p. 18); (حبيب 2002, p. 132); (أحمد 1993, p. 62); (Shemesh 2008, p. 118); (Ruys 2010, p. 277); (شلش 2023, p. 568); (Kubic 2017, p. 145); (Abu-Jaber 1968, p. 13); (Bowett and Petersen 1971, p. 20); (Medzini 2020, p. 134); (Knorr and Morgan, p. 135); (Gat 2005, p. 611); (Aronson 2000, p. 92); (Levitan 2025, p. 8);; (Harris 1983, p. 312); (Shalom 2008, p. 381); (Sandler and Hartley 2003, p. 370); (Gat 2013, p. 615); (Gluska 2007, p. 153); (Evron 2005, p. 44); (Aronson 2010, p. 338); (Affairs 1967, p. 58); (Rikhye 2013, p. 80); (Gelpi 2010, p. 141); (Govrin 2013, p. 313); (Hay 2012, p. 69); (Rabinovich 2009, p. 21); (Hinnebusch 2015); (Sandler 2017, p. 100); (Relations 1975, p. 8–9); (Teveth 1969, p. 19); (Hammond and Alexander 1972, p. 149); (Bar-Siman-Tov 1987, p. 97); (Sela 2002, p. 284); (Arad and Smernoff 1975)
↑ "The Sinai Campaign and after". Encyclopaedia Judaica. Vol. 10 (Second ed.). Macmillan Reference US. 2007. ISBN 978-0-02-865928-2.
↑ (Morris 1999, p. 306)
↑ (Morris 1999, p. 306)

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[1] (Morris 1999, p. 306); (Popp 2006, p. 285); (Yemini 2017, p. 249)

[2] (Shlaim and Louis 2012, p. 224)

[3] (Shlaim and Louis 2012, p. 27)

[4] (Bregman 2016, p. 393); (Mattar 2005, p. 31); (Morris 1999, p. 306); (Fraser 2018, p. 81); (Cattan 1969, p. 103); (Zipperstein 2024, p. 272); (ربيع 2022, p. 296); (Barker 2023, p. 18); (حبيب 2002, p. 132); (أحمد 1993, p. 62); (Shemesh 2008, p. 118); (Ruys 2010, p. 277); (شلش 2023, p. 568); (Kubic 2017, p. 145); (Abu-Jaber 1968, p. 13); (Bowett and Petersen 1971, p. 20); (Medzini 2020, p. 134); (Knorr and Morgan, p. 135); (Gat 2005, p. 611); (Aronson 2000, p. 92); (Levitan 2025, p. 8);; (Harris 1983, p. 312); (Shalom 2008, p. 381); (Sandler and Hartley 2003, p. 370); (Gat 2013, p. 615); (Gluska 2007, p. 153); (Evron 2005, p. 44); (Aronson 2010, p. 338); (Affairs 1967, p. 58); (Rikhye 2013, p. 80); (Gelpi 2010, p. 141); (Govrin 2013, p. 313); (Hay 2012, p. 69); (Rabinovich 2009, p. 21); (Hinnebusch 2015); (Sandler 2017, p. 100); (Relations 1975, p. 8–9); (Teveth 1969, p. 19); (Hammond and Alexander 1972, p. 149); (Bar-Siman-Tov 1987, p. 97); (Sela 2002, p. 284); (Arad and Smernoff 1975)

[5] "The Sinai Campaign and after". Encyclopaedia Judaica. Vol. 10 (Second ed.). Macmillan Reference US. 2007. ISBN 978-0-02-865928-2.

[6] (Morris 1999, p. 306)

[7] (Morris 1999, p. 306)

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

@@ Line 8: / Line 8: @@
 * {{Cite book |last=Affairs |first=New Zealand Department of External |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/External_Affairs_Review/8Oc1AQAAIAAJ?hl=en |title=External Affairs Review |date=1967 |publisher=Department of External Affairs |language=en}}
-* {{cite book |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Arab_World/kbEMAQAAMAAJ?hl=en |title=The Arab World |vauthors=((Abu-Jaber, K.)) |date=1968 |publisher=Arab Information Center}}
+* {{cite book |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Arab_World/kbEMAQAAMAAJ?hl=en |title=The Arab World |first1= Kamel |last1= Abu-Jaber |date=1968 |publisher=Arab Information Center}}
 * {{Cite book |last=ربيع |first=د حامد |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%85%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D9%88%D9%85%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84/uMelEAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0 |title=نظرية الأمن القومي العربي والتطور المعاصر للتعامل الدولي في منطقة الشرق الأوسط |publisher=مركز الحضارة للدراسات والبحوث |year= 2022| language=ar}}
 * {{Cite book |last=Arad |first=Uzi B. |url=https://archive.org/details/DTIC_ADA028479 |title=American Security and the International Energy Situation: Final Report |last2=Smernoff |first2=Barry J. |date=1975 |publisher=National Technical Information Service |language=en}}
@@ Line 39: / Line 39: @@
 * {{Cite book |last=Lall |first=Arthur Samuel |url=https://archive.org/details/unmiddleeastcris0000lall_a7c1 |title=The UN and the Middle East crisis, 1967 |date=1970 |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=978-0-231-08635-6 |edition= |series=A Columbia paperback, 103 |location=New York}}
 * {{Cite book |last=Laqueur |first=Walter |url=http://archive.org/details/roadtowar0000unse |title=The Road to War: The Origin and Aftermath of the Arab-Israeli Conflict, 1967/8 |date=1969 |publisher=Penguin |language=en}}
-* {{cite book |url=https://manchesteruniversitypress.co.uk/9780719095252/ |title=The international politics of the Middle East: Second edition |vauthors=((Hinnebusch, R.)) |date=1 July 2015 |publisher=Manchester University Press |isbn=978-1-78499-202-6}}
+* {{cite book |url=https://manchesteruniversitypress.co.uk/9780719095252/ |title=The international politics of the Middle East: Second edition |first1=Raymond |last1= Hinnebusch |date=1 July 2015 |publisher=Manchester University Press |isbn=978-1-78499-202-6}}
 * {{Cite journal |last=Levitan |first=Nir |date=2025-05-04 |title=In the eye of the storm: Odd Bull and the outbreak of the 1967 war |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13537121.2025.2495411 |journal=Israel Affairs |language=en |publisher= |volume=31 |issue=3 |pages=404–415 |doi=10.1080/13537121.2025.2495411 |issn=1353-7121}}
 * {{Cite book |last=Mattar |first=Philip |title=Encyclopedia of the Palestinians |date=2005 |publisher=Infobase Publishing |isbn=978-0-8160-6986-6 |location=New York}}
@@ Line 66: / Line 66: @@
 * {{Cite book |last=Zipperstein |first=Steven E. |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781032686561 |title=The legal case for Palestine: a critical assessment |date=2024 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-040-09178-4 |series=Ucla center for middle east development (cmed) |location=Abingdon, Oxon [UK] New York, NY}}
 * {{Cite book |last=أحمد |first=رفعت سيد |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A/t7MVAQAAMAAJ?hl=en |title=الصراع المائي: الأبعاد الكاملة للصراع حول الماء بين العرب و إسرائيل : الداقع د المستقبل |date=1993 |publisher=دار الهدا، |isbn=978-977-5340-04-7 |language=ar}}
-* {{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/1973_20240807/page/n11/mode/2up |title=مذكرات الجمسي: حرب اكتوبر 1973 |vauthors=((جمسي, م. ع. ا.)) |date=1990 |publisher=المانشورات الشرقية |edition=الطبعة 1}}
+* {{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/1973_20240807/page/n11/mode/2up |title=مذكرات الجمسي: حرب اكتوبر 1973 |first1 = محمد |last1 = عبد الغني الجمسي |date=1990 |publisher=المانشورات الشرقية |edition=الطبعة 1}}
-* {{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/noor-book.com_202204 |title=شاهد على حرب 67 |vauthors=((حديدي, ص. ا.)) |date=1974 |publisher=دار الشروق}}
+*
-* {{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/20211125_20211125_1509 |title=نظرية الأمن القومي العربي والتطور المعاصر للتعامل الدولي في منطقة الشرق الأوسط |vauthors=((ربيع, د. ح.)) |date=1 August 1983 |publisher=مركز الحضارة للدراسات والبحوث}}
+* {{Cite book |last=حديدي |first=صلاح الدين |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%AF_%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%89_%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A8_67/WHoBAAAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0&bsq=WHoBAAAAMAAJ |title=شاهد على حرب 67 |date=1974 |publisher=دار الشروق، |language=ar}}
-* {{cite book |url=https://www.dohainstitute.org/ar/BooksAndJournals/Pages/an-ephemeral-event-nablus-under-occupation-1967-1969-memoir-and-documents-of-hamdi-taher-kanaan.aspx |title=شيءٌ عابر...: نابلس تحت الاحتلال (حزيران/ يونيو 1967 - آذار/ مارس 1969) - مذكرات ووثائق حمدي طاهر كنعان |vauthors=((شلش, ب. م.)) |date=2023 |publisher=المركز العربي للأبحاث ودراسة السياسات |isbn=978-614-445-553-1}}
+* {{Cite book |last=شلش |first=بلال محمد |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%A1%D9%8C_%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B1/h3PaEAAAQBAJ?hl=en |title=شيءٌ عابر...: نابلس تحت الاحتلال (حزيران/ يونيو 1967 - آذار/ مارس 1969) - مذكرات ووثائق حمدي طاهر كنعان |date=2023 |publisher=المركز العربي للأبحاث ودراسة السياسات |isbn=978-614-445-553-1 |language=ar}}
 * {{cite book |last=حديدي |first=صلاح الدين |url=https://archive.org/details/noor-book.com_202204 |title=شاهد على حرب اليمن |date=1984 |publisher=مكتبة مدبولي، |isbn=978-977-13-3028-8 |edition=الطبعة 1}}
-* {{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/hamlaenglish_gmail_20180319_1336/mode/2up |title=حرب الثلاث سنوات، 1967/1970 :‏ ‏مذكرات الفريق أول محمد فوزي، وزير الحربية الأسبق |vauthors=((فوزي, م.)) |date=1983 |publisher=‏دار المستقبل العربي |edition=الطبعة 1}}
+* {{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/hamlaenglish_gmail_20180319_1336/mode/2up |title=حرب الثلاث سنوات، 1967/1970 :‏ ‏مذكرات الفريق أول محمد فوزي، وزير الحربية الأسبق |first1= محمد |last1 = فوزي |date=1983 |publisher=‏دار المستقبل العربي |edition=الطبعة 1}}
 * {{Cite book |last=حبيب |first=كميل |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3/8YZtAAAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0&bsq=%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%85%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%AD%20%D9%81%D9%8A%20%D8%A3%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%87%20%D9%88%D8%A3%D9%87%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%87 |title=السلم الإسرائيلي المسلح في أساسه وأهدافه |date=2002 |publisher=المؤسسة الحديثة للكتاب |language=ar}}
 * {{Cite book |last=Murtaji |first=ʻAbd al-Muhsin Kamil |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%82_%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%AC%D9%8A_%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD/LmmBjgEACAAJ?hl=en |title=الفريق مرتجي يروي الحقائق: قائد جبهة سيناء في حرب 1967 |date=1976 |publisher=الوطن العربي، |language=ar}}
 *{{Cite book |last=مظهر |first=سليمان |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A9_%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A8_%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86/TU9_QgAACAAJ?hl=en |title=اعترافات قادة حرب يونيو : نصوص شهاداتهم امام لجنة تسجيل تاريخ الثورة |date=1990 |publisher=دار الحرية للصحافة والطباعة والنشر |language=ar}}
 *{{cite encyclopedia |year=2007 |title=The Sinai Campaign and after |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Judaica |publisher=Macmillan Reference US |url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopaedia-judaica-v.-09-her-int/Encyclopaedia%20Judaica%2C%20v.%2002%20%28Alr-Az%29_2/ |edition=Second |volume=10 |pages= |isbn=978-0-02-865928-2}}